tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64105209056958984302024-03-18T08:33:40.040+05:30reflectionsShivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.comBlogger220125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-76430644220823457322023-12-29T11:22:00.003+05:302023-12-29T11:32:39.507+05:30Interview: Ratan Tata on Tata Steel (July 2001)<p><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">“Given right incentives, India can be a steel supplier to the world”--Ratan Tata</span></b></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; white-space-collapse: preserve;">My first conversation with Ratan Tata was while doing a cover story on Tata Steel for <i>Business India, </i>(July 23-Aug 5, 2001). Excerpts of which are reproduced below. The link to the story is also below. Tata Steel had just finished major modernisation of its Blast Furnace and had commissioned a brand new Cold Rolling Mill in collaboration with the Japanese giant Nippon Steel. And the veteran metallurgist and MD, Dr J J Irani was retiring and B Muthuraman was on the verge of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; white-space-collapse: preserve;">taking over the leadership in 2001.</span></span></b></p><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="background-color: white; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto" style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">What impressed me about Ratan Tata was his straight talking and down to earth approach. When I dangled a bait in the form of a question regarding a claim by Tata Steel's PR in the media which I knew to be false or a "conditional truth". He immediately concurred with me that the claim was questionable and he has asked them to redo their calculations and show him. Very few business leaders are self critical or circumspect about superlative claims by their PR ! The full story on Tata Steel is here:</span></b></div><div dir="auto" style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b></div><div dir="auto"><span face="Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #050505; font-size: medium; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://reflections-shivanand.blogspot.com/2007/08/tata-steel-renaissance.html </span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><i>In a free-wheeling hour-long interview, Tata group chairman Ratan Tata spoke to <b>Shivanand Kanavi</b> ( July 2001) about the challenges faced at Tisco. Excerpts:</i></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q How do you look at your nine years as chairman of Tata Steel?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">When I became the chairman, Tata Steel had just come out of the administered price regime where price increases were simply passed on to the consumer. The month I took over there was a crisis because freight equalisation had been discontinued and we were adversely affected since the major markets were in the south and the west. Tata Steel had come out of a seller’s market and hadn’t really oriented itself to the customer.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">We set up two task forces, one to look at realisation and the other to look at costs, both of which were headed by Jamshed Irani. They went about looking at issues in a real hard way. We made some progress on both those scores. We started benchmarking ourselves with the best of the breed in the world. That really paid off, in terms of keeping great pressure on the level of our costs.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">We also made a decision not to expand but modernise our facilities, and to move into flat products, which we saw as the growth area. We went through some difficult years in terms of cash flow and liquidity as we increased our levels of borrowings to see the various phases of modernisation through. Finally, the hot rolled mill and subsequently the cold rolled mill came into being. For a period of time, Tata Steel did not look hot to investors and analysts until we moved to the last phase of what we were doing.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The leadership in Jamshedpur has had a tremendous role to play in what was achieved. Jamshed Irani and his team have resolutely gone about making this transition, with no pulls and pressures that it should have been done in another way.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">I think the only distraction would have been the view that Tata Steel should grow to 15 million tonnes, that it should be a volume producer as against a company that would be the best in its class. And perhaps, the period when one thought that Gopalpur would be the focal point of growth. I felt that growth in steel is going to be a difficult one and that we should consolidate ourselves and improve our operations before we looked at expansion.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q What stops India from becoming the steel supplier to the world?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">There are several issues. Koreans operate at 9:1 debt equity ratio, their interest rates are close to 1-2 per cent, whereas it is 18 per cent here. Tisco has had the benefit of the</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Steel Development Fund, which is softer but which does not cover everything. The social costs in India and Tisco are a part of our baggage. Posco, for example, will bulldoze a plant that is obsolete and build another one in its place that is newer. We can’t do that in India. We need a MITI like approach to become supplier to the world. Here the steel industry has never been given the required incentives.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q To build a modern company in Bihar must have been quite a challenge.</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">The credit has to go to a very strong community spirit in Jamshedpur. The people of Jamshedpur have a very strong sense of pride, and there is a sense of fear that it should not become like the rest. When I lived there, in the ’60s, there was a time when for Rs15,000 somebody could get killed. Finally, we had a good SP who cleaned up the place. So the rot can happen in Jamshedpur also. Tata Steel has been a fair corporate citizen, it has given a lot to the community. It has administered not in its own self -interest, but in the broader interest of the community.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q Don’t investors question why you give away Rs100 crore every year to Jamshedpur and surroundings?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">In particular, foreign shareholders think that this is baggage we are carrying and, in a manner of speaking, it is. But if you look at the industrial harmony and so on, I don’t think you can ascribe a value to it. This is a cost you have and despite that if you are still going to be the lowest cost steel producer, then no one should mind.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q Instead of investing in ferrochrome and titanium why don’t you acquire steel?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Within India Tata Steel has looked at some options. But we recognized that, regrettably, the steel industry does not cover the cost of capital — and this is the global situation. Therefore, you do see reductions in capacities in various parts of the world. If you have to invest thousands of crores, as we did in the modernisation of the plant, and if it doesn’t give us a return that is equal to the cost of capital, then we have destroyed shareholder value. Moreover, just because you are Tata Steel does not mean that steel can be your only growth area. In the world you have companies that started in fertilizers and now are in pharmaceuticals. Companies like Mannesman that were in steel are now in telecom.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q There are other group companies operating in the area of telecom, then why Tata Steel?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Tata Steel has not decided to get into telecom. We said let’s parcel out various parts of the telecom activity and look at the Group as a whole being in telecom. Ideally, you would have got one consolidated telecom company in the Group. But again, shareholders say: ‘This is my money and all I have is dividend returns from the company’. So, another way to do it is, you parcel it out even though that is a less efficient way of doing it. The bits are not in competition but complement each other. Maybe one day we will merge those into one.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q Are you looking at acquiring steel plants abroad?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">We are looking at plants abroad. However, we should be sure that we can manage that extra capacity on a global basis also. You could get a huge asset at a very good price, but you might end up having surplus capacity, which will be outside India. You then have to support it in terms of foreign exchange and we do not have a foreign base to do it. So we may be cautious in looking at these plants. Our ethic also prevents us from walking away from an acquisition when it sours.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q Did McKinsey’s advise you to dump steel?</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">McKinsey’s did not tell us to dump this or dump that. McKinsey’s just gave us discussion notes in various industries. They raised some serious questions regarding the steel industry and whether it destroyed shareholder value. And I must say they awakened us to the fact that we had to do much more in steel to make it an investor-attractive area of business.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Q Last year Tata Steel made the most profits in the Group after TCS.</span></b></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">We need to be a little circumspect. Tisco has now got two high margin plants on line. It has shed its old processes. Crucial to producing and sustaining these results is growth in demand in its user industries, like auto, white goods and construction. Even if domestic demand picks up but there is over capacity in the world then you will be faced with low cost imports.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">However, there are two pluses; one is that steel is a commodity. Hence, Tata Steel has been able to go all-out in production, covering its cost and dropping its price. The other advantage is, if the Indian market got bad you could export it. In product markets like trucks or refrigerators you can’t do both these things.</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">------------------</div></div>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-83605134088925090952023-12-20T22:33:00.000+05:302023-12-20T22:33:18.648+05:30Book Review: Inside the Boardroom<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Book Review: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Inside the Board
Room- How Behaviour Trumps Rationality” </b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">By R Gopalakrishnan and Tulsi Jayakumar, </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rupa Publications 2023</span><i><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIMkLqch0DmvfdDA87PfcZpBI_CA99HgpID2WsDr3l2B9jRuyim4VEVjX9OPhfEkutcoOfPpnowKExMmrDKsd3Am9Z5loEWpIknYMrQ2vZ4gud6zKlVW722wilG8mWoLrWGobMQMxi3djTsLGx1ogDvqoinnCt570UV6EgGmxd9yqJ4cPThJE1hhC6lUk/s425/Inside.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="273" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIMkLqch0DmvfdDA87PfcZpBI_CA99HgpID2WsDr3l2B9jRuyim4VEVjX9OPhfEkutcoOfPpnowKExMmrDKsd3Am9Z5loEWpIknYMrQ2vZ4gud6zKlVW722wilG8mWoLrWGobMQMxi3djTsLGx1ogDvqoinnCt570UV6EgGmxd9yqJ4cPThJE1hhC6lUk/w258-h400/Inside.jpg" width="258" /></a></div><br /><o:p><br /></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On Board<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The authors of this timely book; R Gopalakrishnan with his
over 55 years of experience in leading Indian Corporations in various
capacities from a trainee engineer in Hindustan Lever to leadership of several
boards and Tulsi Jayakumar interested in family businesses, as an academic
teaching management studies, have provided us with a delightful and useful
work.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As the name suggests the book deals with what happens in a
board room of different types of companies; professionally managed, family
owned, promoter driven, large and small enterprises.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While the owners’, promoters’ role in the business dynamics
of an enterprise is also discussed the focus of the book is the role of the CEO
and the independent directors on the board. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The book briefly traces the evolution of corporate India’s
board room particularly in the light of Cadbury Committee recommendations in
1992 in UK and the churn that resulted in the J J Irani Committee recommending
changes in the Company law in India that led to the new version of the Company
Law in 2005. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Cadbury Committee had recommended that companies
voluntarily accept: separation of roles of chairman and CEO; a majority in the
board of independent directors; non-executive directors to be in the majority
on the remuneration committee and playing active role in the audit committee. Though
it was a UK focused report it had great influence on the evolution of corporate
governance internationally.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even in India it led later to the introduction of
independent directors in all public companies, though not a majority; awareness
about women in board rooms; need for diversity among independent directors in
general and so on. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In this reviewer’s opinion the book is compulsory reading material
not only for all corporate board members but also for management students and
students aspiring to become company secretaries, compliance officers, market
analysts and equity researchers etc. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The authors however continually stress that mandated or
voluntarily accepted compliance standards and norms go only thus far and no
further like the laws and constitutions. A more important and tricky factor in the
board room, the authors point out, is behavioural. They posit that these issues
play a very important role in board room dynamics.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That is what makes this slim book an interesting read and
novel in approach.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They illustrate their thesis with innumerable cases studies
of business failures that can be traced back to board room dynamics that
stymied any course correction in time for these corporations. They draw their
brief lessons; without falling into to the pitfall of merely compiling case studies
in corporate governance; from the global as well as Indian corporate history. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The pages are enriched by a wide variety of stories from Enron,
Worldcomm, Unilever, Lehman Brothers, Nestle, Rajat Gupta episode and dozens of
others from global corporations. From the Indian corporate sector we have
examples from YES Bank, Kingfisher Airlines, Ranbaxy, Satyam, Jet Airways, Tata
Finance, HLL and several unnamed ones narrated anecdotally by R Gopalakrishnan.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The personal experiences and anecdotes from more than 20
company boards of which “Gopal” ( a third person short form used by R
Gopalakrishnan in the book) was a part of; some as an executive director and
many as an independent director, make the discussion more interesting and less a
B-schoolish.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the case of a business failure or a hint of a scam or
unethical practices of a company the public opinion is almost always unmindful
of explanations and excuses provided by the tainted leadership ie promoters.
But the media and public make an equally searing criticism of the role of
independent directors on the board, who often have impeccable credentials.
“What were they doing all this time other than collecting hefty sitting fees
and enjoying hospitality and other perks!” is a common refrain post facto.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thus the question arises about the role of independent
directors in the board, their fiduciary responsibility to keep in mind the
overall sustained and sustainable growth of the company and the interests of
minority and retail investors, whose interests they are supposed to protect at
the same time not appearing to be obstructionist and perennially conservative
and status-quoist on important matters in the board and so on. Easier said than
done.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So the book deals at length with various tricky scenarios in
the board and how independent directors should successfully navigate through
them, how they should be aware of early warning signals of trouble, how they
should at the same time contribute positively to the board proceedings to push
for timely course correction, use their specialist knowledge for which they
have been chosen to be on the board in the first place and so on.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The book provides many tips called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mantras </i>to provide an Indian touch to the discussion for all parts
of the board, the leadership, the independent directors and CEO on how to carry
out their fiduciary responsibilities and balance conflicting pulls and pushes.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The astute observations made by authors on behavior in board
room have their reflection in fact in any group, organization, family
scenarios. Thus the reader who may have nothing to do with board rooms also
comes up with many a ‘aha’ moment.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Shivanand Kanavi<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(Former VP TCS,
Physicist, Business Journalist and Author; <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="mailto:skanavi@gmail.com">skanavi@gmail.com</a></span> )<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></i></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-85994946587309871962023-09-10T09:56:00.002+05:302023-09-10T09:56:55.877+05:30Book Review: Art & Science of Managing Public Risks<p> </p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: steelblue; font-family: "BSSerifB",serif; font-size: 20.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talking about disaster management</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCr-5oNQ2R9FuNbB1Tx2XJwGvfYzUEnBHG30fzEOLH6gH1RyvETgmx6qE2ll7tHA5MNt6K7LuY0ySNPJ93mUbfzmGXHxEbrkiIW86P-k6QletUjLQPJzmrkTI7RR0JP1gYloyFGP-bt_fHaJM3dNM8IXuUwSeNgaASoiRMgi-jILKdvx8ZGSu6q3UOwV4/s3395/Managing%20public%20risks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3395" data-original-width="2192" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCr-5oNQ2R9FuNbB1Tx2XJwGvfYzUEnBHG30fzEOLH6gH1RyvETgmx6qE2ll7tHA5MNt6K7LuY0ySNPJ93mUbfzmGXHxEbrkiIW86P-k6QletUjLQPJzmrkTI7RR0JP1gYloyFGP-bt_fHaJM3dNM8IXuUwSeNgaASoiRMgi-jILKdvx8ZGSu6q3UOwV4/w259-h400/Managing%20public%20risks.jpg" width="259" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansCondCBold, serif;">BOOK REVIEW</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansCondBMedium, serif;">SHIVANAND KANAVI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Art and Science of Managing Public Risks Author:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;">V S Ramamurthy, Dinesh K Srivastava, Shailesh Nayak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Publisher:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;"> World Scientific Publishing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Pages:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;"> 412</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Price:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;"> ₹ 4,015</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">T</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">h</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">e
three authors are senior scientists.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Shailesh Nayak is a
geologist who was also the</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"> secretary of the Department of Earth Sciences and
has been deeply involved in India´s Antarctic projects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">He played a key
role in rolling out, in record time, a Tsunami Warning System for the Indian
Ocean Region after the 2004 tsunami.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">V S Ramamurthy, a
nuclear scientist, has had a long innings as secretary, Department of Science
and Technology and has grappled with the issue of improving communication
between scientists, policy planners, media and the public to promote rational
rather than kneejerk solutions to key issues in scientific policy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Dinesh K Srivastava
is a distinguished nuclear physicist, former director of the ambitious
Variable Energy Cyclotron in Kolkata, and is deeply interested in climate
change.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Ashutosh Sharma of
IIT Kanpur, an Infosys Prize winner in Chemical Sciences and also a former
secretary, Department of Science and Technology, has written a scholarly and
lyrical preface to the book.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">When such senior
scientists venture into public policy, policymakers would do well to listen
carefully.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">In fact,</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif;"> Art and
Science of Managing Public Risks</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"> should be made compulsory
reading to policymakers and disaster managers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">It is perhaps the
most exhaustive and comprehensive compendium of disasters of various types.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The authors´
concerns range over both natural and manmade disasters.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">For example, it
talks about climate disasters, cyclones, cloudbursts, landslides, flash
floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">It also tackles
infectious diseases and epidemics such as plagues, polio, smallpox, malaria,
TB, dengue, cholera, and Covid19. In industrial accidents, the book covers
coal mine collapses, accidents in oil and gas fields, dam failures, transport
and chemical accidents, the Bhopal gas tragedy, harm from pesticides and
insecticides.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The authors have
also dealt with the fact that every technology developed by man so far has
pros and cons when the costs and benefits are tallied over the life cycle of
the project.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">So how should
policy choices be made and why? How should the risks be communicated to
policy makers and communities and through what channels and modus operandi?
The authors have taken the same approach in the discussion on nuclear power
and safety issues involved and with genetically modified (GM) crops and the
fears and upsides, as the transgenic mustard debate has shown in an edible
oil hungry India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Then there are
developmental issues such as pollution, urban waste management, ewaste,
biomedical waste management and so on.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The book also
discusses the nature of risk communication, dialogue and debate regarding
policy choices.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The authors
conclude that the formulations of government policies are extremely
vulnerable to public perceptions.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Moreover, risk
perceptions are highly individualistic; consequently, risk communication
could be complex.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The traditional
forms of risk communication are often inadequate and ineffective.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The authors argue
that communication should be in the form of dialogue and not debate and
should lead towards a consensus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Importantly, they
point out that there is no alternative for governments to taking the public
into confidence and empowering them with reliable information.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">“Humanity has
always been vulnerable to a wide spectrum of public risks, such as natural
disasters and infectious diseases. The recent developments in science &
technology, while providing tools to manage public risks of different kinds,
have also broadened the spectrum of public risks that we have to face,” they
write.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Across the world,
they add, “governments as custodians of public good are expected to also hold
the responsibility of managing public risks.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">With more and more
countries opting for democratic forms of governance, we also see that
formulation of government policies on managing public risks are highly
vulnerable to public perceptions.” A classic example of differing risk
perceptions from the last three decades is the GM foods.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">While farmers are
eager to benefit from the many advantages of modern biotechnology and move on
to Green Revolution 2.0, experts and nongovernmental organisations are
divided in their opinions, resulting in the policy becoming a victim of
procrastination at great cost to the nation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">For example, Bt
Cotton and Bt Brinjal have finally entered production legally or illegally;
now, there is a prolonged evaluation of Dhara Mustard 11, when we are in dire
need of better and more oilseed production.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The authors have
briefly mentioned the National Disaster Management Act and the agency created
to handle disasters in India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">One wishes that
they had critically examined this law and made recommendations to make it
more effective.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif;">(The reviewer is
adjunct faculty at NIAS, Bengaluru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">skanavi@gmail.com )</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><br /></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-88182820130678257172023-06-21T13:31:00.002+05:302023-06-21T13:32:32.312+05:30Book Review: Just Aspire by Ajai Chowdhry<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(172, 34, 34); line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #676767; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: steelblue; font-family: BSSerifB, serif;"><o:p><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: steelblue; font-family: BSSerifB, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A soft tale of hardware</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: steelblue; font-family: BSSerifB, serif;"><span>(appeared in Business Standard, June 21, 2023 )</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: steelblue; font-family: BSSerifB, serif;"><span><br /></span></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs1FZQgy2EapJcilzdlCSIRyWtsZo-C2eyZeyTgrwSpcKoaQn_0LnE85DkMV3dQgGvBOiftqhOWaxNBwopCX9W-pLycN3vtVLyEl_Jri0SYWVchX7WqOIWHucs-HNyKDBYplRtX-pZthHJMhOFcZvmJ56WMa9vELmoniMci965gjfPDkp_yYGsHNus-aU/s277/Just%20Aspire.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="182" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs1FZQgy2EapJcilzdlCSIRyWtsZo-C2eyZeyTgrwSpcKoaQn_0LnE85DkMV3dQgGvBOiftqhOWaxNBwopCX9W-pLycN3vtVLyEl_Jri0SYWVchX7WqOIWHucs-HNyKDBYplRtX-pZthHJMhOFcZvmJ56WMa9vELmoniMci965gjfPDkp_yYGsHNus-aU/w263-h400/Just%20Aspire.jpeg" width="263" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"><br /><span style="font-size: large;">
I</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">n
his book</span><span face="BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Just Aspire</b>,</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"> Ajai Chowdhry
tells an autobiographical tale that starts in Abbottabad, Pakistan.<o:p></o:p></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Nope, nothing like</span><span face="BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif"> Zero Dark
Thirty</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"> </span><span face="Tahoma, sans-serif">-- </span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">that
2012 Oscar and Golden Globe winner, about the US commando operation against
Osama Bin Laden.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">This story starts
with a well settled family in verdant Abbottabad in the hills near Kashmir,
the starting point for many a trek into Hindu Kush and Karakoram.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry´s
father was a well known, well t odo lawyer, secretary of the District
Congress Committee and an Urdu poet who also organised and patronised many a </span><span face="BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif">mushaira.</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"> The partition
of the subcontinent upended the family, which had been well integrated in
Abbottabad and had cultured neighbours of all communities.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Arriving in Delhi
as refugees from the communal violence, Chowdhry senior´s organisational
skill sets and knowledge of law got him involved in the government´s refugee
resettlement programme.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">His efforts were
quickly recognised and he was absorbed in the bureaucracy and tasked to
persuade some of the Rajputana princes to sign the Instrument of Accession to
the Indian Union.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">After completing
that assignment, he joined the newly formed Indian Administrative Service and
was sent off to Central India as commissioner of Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry is
naturally nostalgic about his early childhood in a large colonial bungalow
fit for a </span><span face="BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif">sahib</span><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;"> with a tiger
cub as a pet. Eventually the Chowdhrys settled in Jabalpur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry is
eloquent about his childhood, school and college days in Jabalpur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">After graduating in
the newly introduced electronics and telecommunication engineering, in
Jabalpur Engineering College, he found he was more attracted to marketing
electronics rather than working the public sector telecom organisations and
joined DCM Data Products as a sales executive.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">That began a
lifetime in marketing electronic products, starting with clunky and expensive
electronic calculators.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry´s hard
work and ingenuity in selling these bulky machines paid off. For example,
while everyone was targeting academic institutions he found that chemists in
sugar mills needed a quick calculation of the sucrose content in the cane and
the final sugar recovery in the production process.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Persuaded by him,
they found this new gadget really handy and started convincing their
managements to buy them.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry had
spotted this opportunity and visited literally every sugar mill in rural
Maharashtra to achieve his sales target.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Similarly, he found
that irrigation engineers in Maharashtra needed quick calculations to release
water to farmers and successfully targeted them too.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">When PCs were two
decades away and only a handful of large companies in the government and
private sector could afford mainframes, these calculators, especially the
programmable kind, were very useful for fairly complex and quick
calculations.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">This reviewer used
one of these DCM Data Products´s programmable calculators for tedious and
complex calculations while doing research in theoretical physics at IIT
Bombay in the 1970s, yielding results worthy of publishing in peer reviewed
international journals of physics.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry´s tales
of marketing advanced tech products hold a major lesson for today´s marketing
executives.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">If you are diligent
and observant, then you can find opportunities in surprising corners and even
in remote and rural India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Though he was doing
well in DCM, he was bitten by the entrepreneurial bug in his 20s, which was
unusual in 1976. So he struck out with his seniors and mentors, Shiv Nadar
and Arjun Malhotra from DCM Data Products, to found what went on to become
one of the leaders of the Indian IT industry, HCL.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">HCL (then known as
Hindustan Computers Ltd) was then into producing and marketing hardware
starting with microcomputers and then PCs and so on.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Since the
components and PCBs and later motherboards were not being made in India most
people were importing them from Singapore.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Some were accused
of screwdriver technology, profiting from high protective tariffs, and some
of even using the grey market.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">After his first
assignment in selling microcomputers in Tamil Nadu, Mr Chowdhry was sent to
another frontier, Singapore.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Shiv Nadar of HCL
had taken the bold decision to establish a unit in Singapore, named
appropriately as Far East Computers to make and sell hardware there.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Mr Chowdhry made
that a success, spending his time gaining valuable international experience
in the highly competitive markets of South East Asia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">His tales of the
social life of an expat in Singapore in the 1980s are charmingly narrated.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">In 1994, he became
the chief executive officer of HCL Info Systems in India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Within a few years
as telecom policy changed in 2002 making mobile telephony more lucrative, Mr
Chowdhry´s long relationship with Nokia came in handy in persuading the
Finnish multinational to make and sell affordable mobile phones in India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">HCL took the lead
in selling those phones via their marketing network.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">Overall, the book
is a good read and the blemishes are few and far between.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">It lacks an index,
for one and a few events are not dated.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The reader will be
disappointed if he expects an analysis of the history of the hardware
industry in India, its challenges and the future from a veteran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">The author also has
a penchant for long quotations from various favourite management gurus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSBodyTiempos, serif;">It may have been
more exciting and instructive to young executives reading the book if he had
drawn anecdotes and lessons from his own extensive marketing experience in
India and abroad.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face="BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif">The reviewer is
adjunct faculty at NIAS, Bengaluru and former VP of TCS.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span face="BSBodyTiempos-Italic, serif">skanavi@gmail.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansCondCBold, serif;">BOOK REVIEW</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansCondBMedium, serif;">SHIVANAND KANAVI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Just Aspire: Notes
on Technology, Entrepreneurship & the Future Author:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;"> Ajai Chowdhry</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Publisher:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;">HarperCollins</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Pages:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;"> 252</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: BSSansNormCBold, serif;">Price:</span><span style="font-family: BSSansNormInfoA, serif;"> ₹ 599</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-80810918165530681482023-05-09T18:36:00.001+05:302023-05-26T22:21:33.421+05:30Book Review: Failure is not an Option by Veer Sagar<p><b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> Management and Chutzpah</span></b></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Shivanand Kanavi</span></b></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">( Appeared in the Business Standard, May 9, 2023)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Book Review<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">“Failure is not an Option -- When the chips are down get up and get going”- by Veer Sagar, Bloomsbury (2023)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6rMVWcjWTK7g98tp72BgZeD9qfjkgrVM144pJEtqQLfRPaWGAu84uuRPKM2h1uZybMD1EIHyu-vV3q_gHX3ylCQDLW1pElfL0uesAfla354WVDw9KfhWq1fg4e3Jc4sQ5OEfGLIHIOSt01FxxjqgttC1qTge54icklBU1wg1o_qjQfK9cJJsBHL3-/s571/Failure.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="571" data-original-width="360" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6rMVWcjWTK7g98tp72BgZeD9qfjkgrVM144pJEtqQLfRPaWGAu84uuRPKM2h1uZybMD1EIHyu-vV3q_gHX3ylCQDLW1pElfL0uesAfla354WVDw9KfhWq1fg4e3Jc4sQ5OEfGLIHIOSt01FxxjqgttC1qTge54icklBU1wg1o_qjQfK9cJJsBHL3-/w253-h400/Failure.jpg" width="253" /></a></span></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Veer Sagar is a well-known name in Indian IT industry. He
started his career as a Computer Engineer in Dunlop, in the 1960’s; pioneered
the application of Operation Research, a mathematical approach to obtain optimum
solutions to various commonly occurring conundrums in Management decision
making in production planning, sales, finance etc. That was his first job in an
iconic British multinational with a “pucca sahib” culture that had invented
rubber tyres and hence obviously thought they knew everything to know about
tyre business. So trying out anything new and that too based on inputs from a
rookie way down the food chain was blasphemous. However Mr Sagar, all of twenty had already learnt the lessons in ‘how to win friends and
influence people’ and got his way and made a mark in his job and started a
rapid rise in the company. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">After two decades in Dunlop, practicing IT as a management
decision support system for all core corporate functions in a tyre company, Sagar
moved into sales and marketing successfully. But when he saw that the mother
company in UK was preparing to divest its holdings in India to a Dubai based Indian investor,
Manu Chhabria, he moved to a hardcore British computer company, ICL (ICIM) to
head its marketing in 1984. ICL was also once iconic but was already in decline
with relentless competition and rapid changes in technology from a plethora of
American companies led by the veritable IBM. Soon in 1987 ICL too divested from
ICIM in favour of another Indian business group, RPG which had its own plans
for the company.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Mr Sagar now moved to another pioneering company in North
India, DCM Data Products as CEO. This too was in decline by then. With a decade
in DCM and its repositioning as DCM Data Systems, a solution provider and not a
mere hardware manufacturer and its overall change in fortunes for the better, earned
Sagar an enviable title of ‘turn around Manager’ in the Business media. However
there were winds of change in the hardware industry and PCs had entered the
Indian market both in the government and in private companies. Most PC
companies were importing knocked down kits from East Asia and DCM could not compete
with them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">With telecom infrastructure rapidly changing in the 90s, Mr Sagar saw a new opportunity opening up in back office operations and brought in
new business too. However the DCM owners disagreed and Mr Sagar quit and plunged
into a new phase as an entrepreneur at 55. He was one of the pioneers in
starting up in 1997 what we call today as IT Enabled Services or BPO industry.
His successful venture, Selectronics was mentioned by the Time magazine in 2000
and NYT columnist Thomas Friedman in his book “The Lexus and the Olive
Tree—Understanding Globalisation”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">His stint as an entrepreneur was not all rosy. He had to
learn many costly and hard lessons from some unethical practices of some of his
business partners.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">The book brings out that Veer Sagar in all his professional
life employed what the Americans call ‘chutzpah’ and thereby hangs a tale and
also a very well written book that never bores you with lectures on management
theory. He draws a host of simple to state yet extremely important practical
lessons from over five decades of experience first as an executive and then as
an entrepreneur. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">He has a style of crisp and engaging storytelling. At the
same time each story has a purpose beyond recall and nostalgia and actually
leading to some lessons for an executive that Mr Sagar sums up neatly at the end
of each story or episode. Interestingly he constructs almost his entire life
story from childhood; student days till the university; his professional career
of over 50 years; his experience at entrepreneurship in the ‘90s when startups
were still new and BPO was yet unknown and so on. In fact he claims that he
coined the word IT Enabled Services in those days. He also weaves in his family
life, friends, associates, role as a policy advisor to the government in a
cornucopia of industry bodies and committees.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">I would recommend it to any budding corporate executive in
any industry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">The only blemish I found in the book is the lack of an index
at the end.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Shivanand Kanavi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Shivanand is Adjunct Faculty at NIAS, Bengaluru. He has had varied
career as a theoretical physicist, Business Journalist, author and former VP of
IT giant TCS. He can be reached at <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="mailto:skanavi@gmail.com">skanavi@gmail.com</a></span> )</span><o:p></o:p></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /><p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-58225343909526329032023-04-25T22:42:00.000+05:302023-04-25T22:42:45.432+05:30What is Lingayata<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.75pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">What is Lingayata? </span><span style="color: #282828;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 15.75pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">A Brief Look Into the
Evolution of a Term Favoured by Media But Grasped by Few<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"><span style="color: #686868; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The current day ‘Lingayatism’ has a past that
is rich in literary output and unique in its philosophical teachings.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"><span style="color: #686868; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <b>Shivanand Kanavi</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"><span style="color: #686868; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://thewire.in/history/lingayata-karnataka-vachanas-sharanas">https://thewire.in/history/lingayata-karnataka-vachanas-sharanas</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFlAKpA5vxI3c7KABEHZmrIJNDVo41Lh5DOs_LmjSm91X4tGkwhzk_xzdqTVjS_sZ1VPlYlioQGqmB2eBwevQc_Zv3m5pcvHcneL7OxFj7HdgaHuG7Eb2jEzw87oHKI-Q7vQ437hJmfQb98T7UVTbFOo4yvPRCRWKgdeNqnjZ9hj2aDdmwfY7XM0Yv/s1393/Basavanna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1393" data-original-width="1264" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFlAKpA5vxI3c7KABEHZmrIJNDVo41Lh5DOs_LmjSm91X4tGkwhzk_xzdqTVjS_sZ1VPlYlioQGqmB2eBwevQc_Zv3m5pcvHcneL7OxFj7HdgaHuG7Eb2jEzw87oHKI-Q7vQ437hJmfQb98T7UVTbFOo4yvPRCRWKgdeNqnjZ9hj2aDdmwfY7XM0Yv/w363-h400/Basavanna.jpg" width="363" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; font-size: 12px;"> A portrait of Basavanna (1105-1167 CE) by artist Vishakha Kanavi. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"><span style="color: #686868; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">A prolific efflorescence
of Bhakti literature emerged in the form of </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">vachana – </i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">short poetic prose or free verse poetry </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">– </i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">in simple Kannada in the 12th century, in North Karnataka. To
this day about 12,000 </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">vachanas</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> of this period authored by over a hundred spiritual
seekers and saints, including over 30 women have been discovered. These poet
saints called themselves ‘</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Sharanas</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">’. They hailed from almost all classes of society, professions,
and castes – including outcastes or “untouchables”. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">They declared that they are a new community to which all those who
believed and practiced certain foundational tenets could join on initiation. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">These tenets included: </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">1) Equality and mutual respect of all Sharanas no matter what their past
caste or community. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">2) Equality among seekers, the Sharanas, without any gender
discrimination. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">3) Form of worship was personal and private to a symbol they called
‘Ishta Linga’. It was primarily meditative and yogic. The Ishta Linga could be
carried on your body like a pendant and worshipped anywhere. Hence the name
Lingayata — one who worships his personal Ishta Linga.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">4) They considered all forms of labour and means of livelihood (‘</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">kayaka</span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">’) a form of worship, provided the honest earnings
from labour (kayaka) are primarily used for social redistribution, called ‘</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">dasoha</span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">’. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">5) They stressed the importance of being a compassionate and socially
productive human being in this world and in this life. They ignored the other
worlds of heaven and hell, as well as theories of rebirth.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">6) By asserting the importance of socially productive and honest labour
as a form of worship to attain spiritual enlightenment, Sharanas also ignored
renunciation and ascetic ‘</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">sanyasa</span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">’ as the dominant and preferred path to
enlightenment, as preached by the existing forms of Vedic, Agamic, Buddhist,
Jain, and other traditions. Thereby they showed a path to spiritual
enlightenment for all ordinary householders, farmers, traders, artisans and all
working men and women.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">7) They insisted on eating together among Sharanas defying the taboos
imposed by caste discrimination, as they were all spiritually equal.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">They lucidly expressed their views in the people’s language of the
region, Kannada, on their spiritual pursuit. They primarily conceived their god
as personal and formless. They also critically and incisively commented
profusely on prevalent precepts and practices such as: meaningless Vedic and
Agamic rituals, animal sacrifices during such rituals, and intermediation of
priests in any form of worship. They also opposed rituals associated with
animism and polytheism. They rejected temple-based worship dominated by priests
and rituals.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">They opposed discrimination against women in the spiritual field. They
broke the Brahminical taboos which regarded women as inferior and unfit for
spiritual self-realisation, because of their natural biological functions of
menstruation and child birth. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><b style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Critics
of ritual</span></b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The Sharanas – also called ‘</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Vachanakaras</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">‘ – not only ridiculed the Karma Kanda or Vedic and
Agamic rituals of </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">yajna</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">, </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">homa</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">, </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">havana</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">, animal sacrifice and elaborate temple worship,
but they also confronted all those Vedantins and Advaitins who merely spoke of
the abstract high falutin ideas of </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">atma-brahma</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> but blatantly practised caste and gender
discrimination. Vachanakaras frequently called such hypocrites as ‘</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">vag</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">–</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">advaitins </i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">(‘advaitins only in words’).’</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Among the Vachanakaras of 12th century,
those that stand out with their incisive commentary are Basavanna (1105–1167)
and his contemporaries, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi. Many other Sharanas,
over a hundred, also contributed to creating the new ethos and the new
community’s norms as well as its metaphysics.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">What they advocated in words as well as
deeds was spiritually liberating and attracted a large number of working people
of all castes including ‘untouchables’, artisans, farmers, traders, and some
enlightened Brahmins as well. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The popularity of the leading Vachanakaras
led the poets in the region to write hagiographies of Sharanas in the Puranic
style. These hagiographic works were still set in the Puranic and old Shaivite
tradition and not the new radical ideas and practices of Vachanakaras. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> In the 13th century notable works in this regard are Palkurike Somanatha’s </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">Basava
Puranamu</span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> in Telugu and the
great Kannada poet Harihara’s works (in the form of </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">ragale</span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> poems) regarding Basava, Allama, Akka
Mahadevi, and many other Sharanas. The Kannada version of Basava Purana
inspired by the Telugu Basava Puranamu was written by Bhima Kavi in the 14th
century.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">There was growing popularity and numbers in
this new community whose membership was open and inclusive. Unlike other sects
of Hinduism, even today one can become a Lingayat through initiation, despite
being born into another religion. Soon it led to royal patronage in some Deccan
kingdoms like Vijayanagara, particularly during the reign of Devaraya II (reign
1422–46 CE). </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Later important royal dynasties in Karnataka
became followers of Lingayatism. It is important to note that these kings and
queens considered their faith a personal matter and were equally patronising
all religions in their statecraft as was prevalent practice. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">For example, the Nayakas of Ikkeri or
Keladi who ruled vast regions of present-day Karnataka and outside (1490–1763);
Haleri dynasty in the kingdom of Kodagu (1633–1834) and many other smaller
kingdoms. One of the most remembered is the Lingayat queen Rani Chennamma of
Kittur (1778–1829), known for her inspiring role in the anti-colonial struggle
against the British.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><b style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Teachings and literature</span></b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Lingayatism attained the features of an
established sect with elite patronage and Lingayat literature, which also came
to be known at that time as Veerashaiva literature, flourished from the 15th
century onwards.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The Vachana and Sharana teachings
resurfaced in the form of several compilations and at least four commentaries
known as </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Shunyasampadane</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> (attainment
of the void or path to enlightenment). The declarative or dialogic form of many
vachanas lent themselves to be cast as part of a spiritual dialogue or a discussion
in a peer group. Such a forum of peers was not directly mentioned by Basava or
Allama in their vachanas but it was later imagined as a spiritual forum called
Anubhava Mantapa (hall of spiritual experience). </span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Vachanas were not written either by academic philosophers or for such
philosophers, but for ordinary people in their mother tongue, Kannada. Neither
were vachanas written as canonical texts or foundational sutras for a new </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">darshana</span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> or a philosophical school like Sankhya, Yoga,
Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Purva Mimamsa, Vedanta, etc. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Vachanas were utterings of mystics based on
their spiritual experiences and reflection. While some common tenets, concepts,
and approaches can be distilled from the Vachanakaras, one also finds great
individuality and diverse approaches among them in search of spiritual
enlightenment as opposed to a monolithic philosophical system.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">It should be noted that Sharanas were
respectful towards Tamil Shaiva saints of an earlier period, known as Nayanars,
(6</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">th</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">-8</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">th</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> Century
CE) and called them the ‘63 Puratanaru’ (sixty-three ancients). However,
what the Lingayat Vachanakaras did was construct their own radically new
community.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The Vachana form continued to be popular
among post-Basava mystics till the 18th century, so much so that we have
another 10,000 or more Vachanas written in the later period (15th to 18th
century). </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The complete Vachana literature edited and published today by the Kannada
Pustaka Pradhikara under the general editorship of the late M.M. Kalburgi by
the government of Karnataka in two volumes has over 20,000 vachanas. The
process of collecting manuscripts, authenticating them, producing critical
editions, weeding out spurious ones etc. started in the 1890s and is now more
or less complete.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">A selection of 2,500 vachanas edited by
Kalburgi for Basava Samiti have now been translated, and published under the
leadership of Aravind Jatti, into over 20 languages including English, French,
Mandarin, Arabic, Angika, Kashmiri, Dogri, Santhali, Bodo, Assami, Odiya,
Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Urdu, Bengali and so on. More,
including Persian, Spanish, Bajjika and so on are in the works.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">In the century-long effort in this direction many institutions like
Karnatak University, Dharwad; Basava Samiti, Bengaluru and several Lingayat </span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">mathas</i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> have given institutional support. Many
scholars have contributed to editing and interpreting the meaning and intent of
Vachanas. To name a few: F.G. Halakatti, C. Uttangi, S.S. Basavnal,
Siddheshwara Swamiji, S.C. Nandimath, R.C. Hiremath, S.S. Bhusnurmath, M.M.
Kalburgi, L. Basavaraju, H. Tipperudraswamy, M. Chidananda Murthy, V.B. Rajur,
N.G. Mahadevappa, A.K. Ramanujan, H.S. Shiva Prakash, D.R. Nagaraj and O.L.
Nagabhushana Swamy. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Today, almost all the Vachanas are available on the internet in a
searchable database called Vachana Sanchaya due to the efforts of a team led by
O.L. Nagabhushana Swamy (<a href="https://vachana.sanchaya.net/">https://vachana.sanchaya.net/</a>
).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Similarly about 1500 vachanas of Basavanna in Kannada as well as their
translation into multiple languages are available at <a href="http://vachana.taralabalu.in/vachana.php?poet=137">http://vachana.taralabalu.in/vachana.php?poet=137</a>
of the Sirigere Taralabalu Matha.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Vachanas are commonly recited and sung in
the villages and towns of Karnataka both in religious and secular functions.
Prominent musicians like Pt Mallikarjun Mansur, Pt Basavraj Rajguru, Pt
Siddharam Jambaldinni, Pt Venkatesh Kumar and others popularized the singing of
vachanas in their classical Hindusthani concerts as well as in Radio, TV and
modern music industry in the past nearly a hundred years.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The social, political, and economic circumstances which led to this
efflorescence in the 12th century and the 900-year trajectory of this community
are still being explored. A significant modern contributor to this
multidisciplinary exploration is historian Manu V. Devadevan.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><b style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Two forms</span></b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">By the 15th century, the popular inclusive
community of spiritual democracy initiated by Basava and other Sharanas started
taking the form of a ‘faith that one is born into’ rather than voluntarily
initiated into. Concomitantly high priests emerged to interpret the faith and
carry out new rituals along with a large mass of followers of the faith. As
traders, landowners, sections of contemporary elite, including some royal
families, started joining the faith, there was a move to achieve formal
‘respectability’. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Historically it took two forms. One was to pay obeisance to Basava and
Allama but move away from their radical and experiential approach and instead
evolve a formal metaphysics and a spiritual path called “<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">shat</em> <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">sthala</em>”
(six stage path) which can be cast in a familiar tradition. This attempt then
associated Lingayatism to some form of Advaita. Shakti Vishisht Advaita, Shiva
Yoga etc were such new formal labels.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The other attempt by Agamic Shaivism to
claim Lingayat as part of old Brahminical Shaivism. This trend headed by so
called “pancha acharyas” denied the role of 12th-century Sharanas as founders
of Lingayatism, including their radical new ideas and practices. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">In the medieval period the community also
started calling itself Veerashaiva along with Lingayat as synonyms. This was
contrary to the fact that all forms of Shaivism worshipped a Puranic,
anthropomorphic Shiva as their deity, believed to be the resident of the
mythical Kailasa, etc. Whereas, the Sharanas of 12th century did not
recognise the Puranic Shiva as their deity. Nor did they recognise the
associated temples and pilgrim centres like Jyotir Lingas and so on. Though the
Sharanas called their deity Shiva, it was a formless Para Shiva. They
identified it with void, space, Bayalu, an omnipresent element that is a part
of every human being and not residing only in idols and temples, Shunya – not
to be confused with the Buddhist Shunyavad – and so on. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">It is also to be noted that from 16</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">th</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> to
19</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">th</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"> Century
several Lingayat seers interacted with an open mind with Muslim Sufis and
saints in the Deccan. As a result, Lingayat Mathas of Savalgi Shivalingeshwara,
Shirahatti Fakeer Swamy, Kodekal Basavanna, and others, even today have a large
following among both Lingayats and Muslims and both communities participate
actively in the annual jatras and Rath Utsavs.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">A significant point to note is that in the 1980s and early ‘90s hardly any
Lingayat seer among the hundreds of prominent ones, joined the Vishwa Hindu
Parishad or supported the Ram Janmabhoomi movement.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><b style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The present</span></b><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">There are two major trends in the present
day Lingayat community. One is to go to the spiritual roots of the community in
the radical teachings of 12th-century Sharanas and Vachanakaras. Many in this segment
also believe that Lingayatism should not be identified with Vedic or Agamic
Hinduism but a separate way of life and religion, like Sikhism. They base their
argument on the radical precepts of the vachanas of Sharanas of the 12th
century as well as many practices of the community which are very different
from traditional Hindus. For example, all Lingayats bury their dead, as against
cremation among Hindus and so on. It is not known when this practice started.
Lingayat burial rituals however are different from Islamic and Christian burial
rituals. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Late M M Kalburgi, who was a prominent
academic and researcher of Lingayatism and Kannada culture and literature,
strongly advocated the recognition of Lingayatism as a separate religion and
not as a part of Hinduism. He was backed by many Lingayat seers and
intellectuals. There were several large mass rallies held in different parts of
Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Delhi during 2017-18 demanding recognition from the
Union government of Lingayat as separate religion, like Sikhism. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The other trend in the Veerashaiva community pays formal obeisance to Basava
and other Sharanas but basically adopts various practices of older Shaivism
including temple worship. It recognises a priestly class (called Aiyanavaru or
Jangamas) among Lingayats to perform rituals. This segment also practises caste
discrimination and endogamy within sub groups of Lingayats (based on their
former professions) like Jangama, Banajiga, Panchamasali, Sada, Ganiga etc.
They also do not object to being part of traditional Hinduism.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Today Lingayats constitute an influential
community in Karnataka and exist in significant numbers in Maharashtra,
Telangana, and in smaller numbers in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. They are found in
all professions and classes. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">More than 300 Lingayat mathas (monasteries)
have been documented by researchers. Mathas are local and a few of them have a
couple of branches. All of them are independent and autonomous with no
centralized structure. They are local community institutions supported by land
grants from devotees. Some are centuries old and many are more recent. Many
mathas have grants from devotees of different castes, communities, and
religions. The properties of the mathas are managed by a committee appointed by
the devotees in the form of a trust. The committee then invites seers trained
in the theory and practice of Lingayatism to provide the local community both
moral and religious leadership. Swamijis in these mathas also act as social and
moral counsellors and are often approached by devotees to arbitrate in many
familial or property disputes. When any Swamiji does not fulfill his role as
moral and religious leader in the community there have been cases of removal of
a swamiji from a matha by the devotees on grounds of moral turpitude and a new
Swamiji installed. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> Lingayats were able to access modern education under British colonialism due to
the efforts of many intellectuals, businessmen and landowners in the community
who started several schools and colleges. Significantly, Lingayat swamijis
and mathas played a major role in the spread of modern education since the
beginning of the 20th century. Many mathas all over Karnataka made special
efforts to provide free boarding and lodging for poor students in their Prasada
Nilayas without discriminating on the basis of caste and continue to do so.
Thus for over a century, lakhs of poor students could get modern school and
college education.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">These efforts have led to the presence of
Lingayats in very large numbers not only in the traditional professions of
farmers, traders, and artisans but also in modern professions such as medicine,
law, engineering, academia, and administration. Today, with their large
presence in the economy and academia, they play a significant role in
Karnataka’s political, cultural, and social life.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Shivanand Kanavi is a theoretical
physicist, business journalist, author, former Vice-President of TCS, and is
currently Adjunct Faculty at NIAS, Bengaluru. Can be reached at
skanavi@gmail.com.</span></span></i><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="yetidone" style="background: white; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 15.6pt;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The above is excerpted from a contribution
by </span></span></i><span style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="color: #282828; font-family: "PT Serif script=all rev=5", serif; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Shivanand Kanavi to “Indians: Civilization and
Histories”</span><i style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">, edited by G.N. Devy, Tony Joseph, and Ravi
Korisettar, published by the Aleph Book Company.</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></p><br />Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-90730194844917073892022-05-22T20:05:00.001+05:302022-05-22T20:05:30.156+05:30Book Review: Indian Innovation -By Dinesh C Sharma<p> </p><h1 class="arti_heading" itemprop="headline" style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 35px; line-height: 1em; margin: 5px 0px 10px; padding: 0px;"><em>Jugaad</em> An Insult To Indian Innovation?</h1><p><i class="clear" style="background-color: white; clear: both; display: block; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;"></i><span class="byspan" style="background-color: white; display: inline-block; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 13px; margin-top: 10px;">By <a class="blue" href="https://www.rediff.com/author/SHIVANAND%20KANAVI" style="color: #0055cc; text-decoration-line: none;">SHIVANAND KANAVI</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 13px;"></span></p><p>( https://www.rediff.com/money/column/shivanand-kanavi-jugaad-an-insult-to-indian-innovation/20220506.htm? )</p><div class="floatR sm1 grey1" style="background-color: white; color: #5c5c5c; float: right; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">May 06, 2022 10:54 IST<a href="mailto:?subject=Jugaad%20An%20Insult%20To%20Indian%20Innovation%3F&body=Read%20this%20article%20https://www.rediff.com/money/column/shivanand-kanavi-jugaad-an-insult-to-indian-innovation/20220506.htm" style="color: #252525; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Share by Email"><span class="shareic_sprite email" style="background: url("https://imworld.rediff.com/worldrediff/pix/shareiconsprite.png") 0px 0px no-repeat; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 30px;"></span></a></div><div class="floatR sm1 grey1" style="background-color: white; color: #5c5c5c; float: right; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="color: #383838; font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;">'When resources are few; when frugality demands repairing a broken thing rather than replacing it with a brand new and expensive option, enterprising commoners in rural and urban India improvise on a daily basis and solve their problems with whatever they have,' observes Shivanand Kanavi.</strong></div><div class="arti_contentbig" id="arti_content_n" itemprop="articleBody" style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: georgia; font-size: 20px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="div_morelike_topic_container" style="font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="div_morelike_in" style="clear: both; font-family: arial; line-height: 1em; margin: 25px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><h4 class="alignL orange" style="color: #d03d04; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 14px; margin: -20px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"></h4><div class="table1" style="display: table; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 665.275px;"><div class="cell" style="display: table-cell; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 306.025px;"></div><div class="gapcell" style="display: table-cell; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 53.2125px;"></div><div class="cell" style="display: table-cell; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 306.038px;"><a href="https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-special-why-india-must-say-no-to-jugaad/20130802.htm" style="color: #477bc4; text-decoration-line: none;"><h3 style="color: #252525; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px; max-height: 100px; padding: 0px;">'</h3></a><i class="clear" style="clear: both; display: block; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;"></i></div></div></div></div><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2022/apr/25jugaad-book.jpg?w=670&h=900" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" /></p><div class="imgcaption" style="clear: both; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; max-width: 750px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; width: 638.4px;"><span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Illustration: Dominic Xavier/<em><a href="http://rediff.com/" style="color: #477bc4; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Rediff.com</a></em></span></div><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">I am certain that anyone who reads <em>Indian Innovation, Not Jugaad: 100 Ideas That Transformed India</em> will learn something he or she did not know about several ideas that have changed life in India in the last 60-75 years.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">I did, despite having spent a good part of my life tracking innovations -- both in India and globally -- and writing about them.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Dinesh C Sharma, a veteran science communicator and the book's author, as well as the publisher, Roli Books, should be congratulated.</p><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">In a slim volume of 350 pages, Sharma packs in the history behind literally a hundred ideas. He introduces us to the men and women who brought these transformational thoughts to fruition and contributed to nation-building in a country that was ravished and impoverished for two centuries by colonialism.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">These innovations are an integral part of the Indian renaissance (rebirth).</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Come to think of it, that's about three pages for a revolutionary or transformative idea.</p><div id="shop_advertise_div_1" style="font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="clear" style="clear: both; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="inline-block" id="div_arti_inline_advt" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><ins data-revive-id="4b71f4079fb345c8ac958d0e9f0b56dd" data-revive-loaded="1" data-revive-seq="2" data-revive-source="_blank" data-revive-target="_blank" data-revive-zoneid="147" data-zonename="Rediff_ROS_Native_InFeed_Middle_IN" id="revive-0-2" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><div style="color: #999999; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: right;"><br /><br /></div></ins><div class="ob-smartfeed-wrapper feedIdx-0" style="margin: 20px 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="OUTBRAIN" data-browser="chrome" data-card-idx="1" data-dynload="" data-feed-father-idx="0" data-idx="3" data-ob-mark="true" data-os="win32" data-src="https://www.rediff.com/money/column/shivanand-kanavi-jugaad-an-insult-to-indian-innovation/20220506.htm?fbclid=IwAR26pOlBsA5XNS86k604zyiZrGP_fOQnaFL3EgB6XN3qWOfjdBl6omsvQOQ" data-widget-id="SFD_AUCTION_1" id="outbrain_widget_3" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><div class="ob-widget ob-two-columns-layout SFD_AUCTION_1" data-dynamic-truncate="true" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div></div><div class="inline-block" id="div_arti_inline_advt2" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">That's also the beauty of the book.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">It tells the story of each innovation succinctly, throws in the main characters behind it and makes us say '<em>Yeh dil maange more</em>' since each idea probably deserves a book or at least an elaborate case study.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The author has taken pains to define <em>ab initio</em> (from the beginning) much used and abused words like innovation, <em>jugaad</em>, revolution, etc.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">He is clearly so incensed by the prejudice that all Indian innovation is <em>jugaad</em> that he makes it a prominent point in the book's title.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Certainly, it would be inappropriate and even derogatory to many of the genuinely innovative ideas in the list if they were to be called Indian <em>jugaad</em>.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;"><img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2022/apr/25jugaad-book1.jpg?w=670&h=900" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" /></p><div class="imgcaption" style="clear: both; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; max-width: 750px; padding: 5px 0px 0px; width: 638.4px;"><span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Illustration: Dominic Xavier/<em><a href="http://rediff.com/" style="color: #477bc4; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Rediff.com</a></em></span></div><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">As an aside, however, one need not be very prickly about the word <em>jugaad</em>.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">After all, when resources are few; when frugality demands repairing a broken thing rather than replacing it with a brand new, shiny and expensive option, as we often observe in richer economies; when the State's capacity to deliver many services are limited; enterprising commoners in rural and urban India improvise on a daily basis and solve their problems with whatever they have, often exhibiting remarkable lateral thinking.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Of course, such <em>jugaad</em> cuts corners and the solution is generally not robust or long-lasting or even safe. But it helps them survive and carry on as they often have no choice.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">At the same time, for example, it leads to the creation of a new gadget like the original Punjabi version of <em>jugaad</em> -- a small village transport with a diesel water pump from the farm acting as the engine!</p><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The author has cast his net wide to gather the list of 100 innovations and has consciously not confined himself to only S&T (science and technology) innovations.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Thus you see that the Indian Premier League, the Navodaya Vidyalayas, Air Deccan, the Employment Guarantee Scheme, the Chipko Andolan, Binaca Geet Mala, Ready Mix Gulab Jamun, Amul, etc, jostle for space with hi-tech and digital initiatives like SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment), the IITs and the IIMs, computerised railway reservation and Aadhaar.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The stories are well told and informative.</p><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">If one wants to quibble about the list then I think he could have added the nuclear radiation of agri-products like mangoes, onions and potato for a longer shelf life and export purposes; Bombay Plan of 1944-45 (also known as the Tata-Birla Plan); the development of affordable parallel supercomputers for complex calculations in the eighties, starting with FLOSOLVER; CDAC's GIST which revolutionised all publishing, including the Indian language publishing through DTP in the nineties; DNA fingerprinting for forensics, etc; the Tsunami Warning System 2007-2008 that is helping the whole Indian Ocean littoral; the UPI-based digital payment system which has crossed $1 trillion a few days ago; TIFR (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research); the Indian Statistical Institute and so on.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">But then, perhaps marketeers would say that would break the catchy figure of 100!</p><div class="imgcaptionsmall" style="float: left; font-family: arial; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.3em; margin: 0px 8px 8px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 336px;"><img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2022/apr/25jugaad-book-cover.jpg?w=670&h=900" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" /></div><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The reader will be pleasantly surprised by the case studies of the Blue Revolution (marine products), the White Revolution (milk products), the Egg Revolution and even the Yellow Revolution (oil seeds).</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">However, Sharma cryptically says oil seed production led to 98 per cent self-sufficiency and then fell apart but doesn't elaborate.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">Considering the present crisis in edible oils even before the effects of Ukraine-Russia war were felt, one would say a '<em>Yeh dil maange more</em>' explanation was required from him.</p><p class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The author has written acclaimed monographs on the history of India's IT industry but disappoints here with a perfunctory treatment of the same, considering that Indian IT exports worth nearly $200 billion are footing our oil and gas, coal and electronics import bill.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">All in all, this is a good handbook of Indian innovations to read and refer to.</p><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;">The writing style is simple and accessible to a wide spectrum of readers.</p><div class="clear" style="clear: both; font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; 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font-family: arial, verdana, sans-serif, FreeSans; font-size: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><p style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px;"><strong>Shivanand Kanavi is a former VP at Tata Consultancy Services and the former executive editor of <em>Business India</em>. The award-winning author of <em>Sand To Silicon: The Amazing Story Of Digital Technology</em>, he is adjunct faculty at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru.</strong></p></div>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-55543988158261748022022-02-06T07:28:00.000+05:302022-02-06T07:28:02.143+05:30N Chandrsekharan (Chandra) brief profile<p><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"> <b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">This Chandra shines on his own</span></b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(appeared in <i>Lokmat Times</i>, Jan 29, 2022)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHY2JlI85079M0KWOCoJ9smSvEji02RwREOYgRaUDCxRTL6oQSNX2UrOCKlJdxk2mwllm0A2D0zvEWG9Zg9PSX02hgAM0dHLu8mSJUNg1kVE-_VK5e6KrgnNHzixErW4jRTm8b7kbEjXPkuQxsSQGjGTDgQVJsMibw1noiZGo8OshFoT8qNl_zV7w7=s448" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="378" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHY2JlI85079M0KWOCoJ9smSvEji02RwREOYgRaUDCxRTL6oQSNX2UrOCKlJdxk2mwllm0A2D0zvEWG9Zg9PSX02hgAM0dHLu8mSJUNg1kVE-_VK5e6KrgnNHzixErW4jRTm8b7kbEjXPkuQxsSQGjGTDgQVJsMibw1noiZGo8OshFoT8qNl_zV7w7=w540-h640" width="540" /></a></b></div><b><br /></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Chandra, the moon, in Indian languages, doesn’t have any light
of his own. The pleasant moonlight enjoyed by us all is reflected glory say
scientists. But N Chandrasekharan, (59), the young and dynamic Chairman of Tata
Sons shines on his own hard work, diligence and leadership qualities in Indian
IT and Indian industry as a whole.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Chandrasekharan or Chandra, as he is fondly called by his
colleagues and friends has been honoured with Padma Bhushan by the Government
of India on this Republic Day, Jan 26, 2022 for his contributions to Indian
Industry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">He has had a meteoric rise in the Tata Group, which he
joined as a trainee in 1987 in the IT pioneer TCS (Tata Consultancy Services).
He went on to become its CEO in 2009 when it had nearly a lakh bright engineers.
In Feb 2017 he was chosen by Ratan Tata to head the more than 150 year old Tata
Group comprising a hundred companies making software to steel and tea to
trucks. It is a dream run by any standards for any young aspiring Indian.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Chandra was born in Mohanur, a village in Tamil Nadu in
1963. He studied in a Tamil medium school and later got a degree in Applied
Sciences from Coimbatore Institute of Technology. He then studied computer
programming and obtained Master of Computer Applications in the Regional
Engineering College, Trichy (now NIT Trichy). He joined as an intern in TCS in
1987 and later became a fulltime employee. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Within a couple of years Chandra attracted the attention of
senior management with his hardwork and never say die attitude in completing
his assignments in time to the satisfaction of his seniors and the clients of
TCS. In the 90’s Chandra was sent on particularly problematic and difficult
missions by S Ramadorai and F C Kohli who were then leading TCS. And Chandra
proved himself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">S Ramadorai who took over as CEO of TCS in 1996 told the me
that Chandra was “Mr Reliable” and successfully completed complex tasks and
client projects which many of his peers would have hesitated to tread. Thus he
became first unofficially and later officially as Chief Operating Officer, the
number two in the company. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">TCS became the first Indian IT company to achieve a $1
billion in sales in 2003. Tata Sons of which TCS was till then a division,
since its founding in 1968 by JRD Tata and Nani Palkhivala, decided to convert
TCS into a company and then take it public through an IPO. The IPO was a great
success and the company hasn’t looked back since then.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Today TCS has become the jewel in the crown of Tata Group
with nearly 14 lakh crore rupees in market value and last years’ profits of
nearly Rs 31000 cores. Chandrasekharan has played a stellar role in its rise as
CEO and later Chairman in the last 13 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">TCS which is vying to be the number one IT services company
in the world, and is very close to getting there, has also played a major role
in creating a modern digital India by building a large portion of India’s
digital infrastructure; its stock exchanges, its dematerialized share
depositories, digital banking, Passport Seva Kendras, online reservation of
Indian Railway tickets, tsunami warning systems etc etc; in short it has done
valuable service in Nation Building while earning valuable dollars through
exports.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">In 1944-45 J R D Tata and G D Birla were the lead authors
of Bombay Plan. In the words of former PM, Dr Manmohan Singh “it (Tata-Birla
Plan) defined the framework for India's transition from agrarian feudalism to
industrial capitalism. In many ways, it encapsulated what all subsequent Plans
have tried to achieve.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">India in the 21<sup>st</sup> century needs a new plan and
vision for its growth and prosperity and all round welfare. Chandra has tried
to contribute to preparing this vision through a thought provoking book,
“Bridgital Nation” ( 2019).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Since being appointed as the Chairman of India’s largest
industrial Group -- the Tatas, five years ago, Chandra has been trying to
reshape the group to face the challenges of the present day world and also
seize on new opportunities. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Tata’s diversification into defence production, takeover of
India’s flag ship airline Air India, entry into the brave new world of
semiconductors, electric vehicles etc while trying to reduce debt in older Tata
Steel, Tata Motors and make the group more nimble all have his idelible
imprint.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">The award of Padmabhushan to him preceded by those awarded
to Ratan Tata, F C Kohli and S Ramadorai show the role this storied group has
played in modern India.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">Shivanand Kanavi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;">(The author is Adjunct Faculty at National
Institute of Advanced Studies; former VP at TCS and a business journalist and
author of award winning book “Sand to Silicon”)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span></i></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-13504662365967264422021-12-09T22:20:00.000+05:302021-12-09T22:20:12.325+05:30Wonderful story of Sannati: Interview of Prof S Settar<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: Tunga, "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;">ಸನ್ನತಿಯ ಅದ್ಭುತ ಕಥೆ: ಪ್ರೊ.
ಷಡಕ್ಷರ ಶೆಟ್ಟರ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆ</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ</span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಫ಼ೆಬ್ರುಅರಿ ೨೮</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">೨೦೨೦
ರಂದು ಹಿರಿಯ ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರ ಪ್ರೊ ಶೆಟ್ಟರ ಅವರು ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಅಗಲಿ ಹೋದರು. ಅವರೊಡನೆ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನೆವರಿ
೨೨ ರ ಸಂಜೆ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಧಾರವಾಡದಲ್ಲಿ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರ
ಪ್ರೊ ರವಿ ಕೋರಿಶೆಟ್ಟರ ಅವರ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ ನನ್ನ ಕೊನೆಯ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆ
ಈ ಕೆಳಗೆ.</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲೆಡೆಯೂ ಕುತೂಹಲ
ಹುಟ್ಟಿಸಿದ ಕಲಬುರ್ಗಿಯ ಹತ್ತಿರದ ಸನ್ನತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ಉತ್ಖನನ ಮತ್ತು ಬೆಳಕಿಗೆ ಬಂದ
ಬೆರೆಗುಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಬೌದ್ಧ ಅವಶೇಷಗಳನ್ನು ಕುರಿತು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಉತ್ಸಾಹದಿಂದ
ನಾನವರ ಜೊತೆ ಮಾತನಾಡಿದೆ.</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjU2iN3udJFOful4gp6FAYJ2sR3dsUdfjeqtWZxh7ZJ97dyfD7YyZi9sV5l-22WsalMbdtiT5feGTznF326Gl3IadiDOLxjL-C6ZzWsP1pILNPkpqO-C9JYOPEHNNbJ8kX8Lr2Qeq25fHp4nAYjkNrHId9yS0vVuBqFnNY6JkhfXbwJ9rQWOU_-IVFz=s452" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="274" data-original-width="452" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjU2iN3udJFOful4gp6FAYJ2sR3dsUdfjeqtWZxh7ZJ97dyfD7YyZi9sV5l-22WsalMbdtiT5feGTznF326Gl3IadiDOLxjL-C6ZzWsP1pILNPkpqO-C9JYOPEHNNbJ8kX8Lr2Qeq25fHp4nAYjkNrHId9yS0vVuBqFnNY6JkhfXbwJ9rQWOU_-IVFz=w640-h388" width="640" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rare family portrait of Raya Piyadasi Asoka at Sannati / Kanaganahalli stupa</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಉತ್ಖನನದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿವರವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ
ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; <span lang="KN">ಆ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ನನಗೆ
ಕುತೂಹಲ.</span> <span lang="KN">ನೀವು</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಧ್ಯಯನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೀರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಓದಿದ್ದೀರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತಿಯ
ಕಾಲಮಾನ ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾತನಾಡೋಣ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲಮಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹುಶಃ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕ್ರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೂ. ೩</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೆಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶತಮಾನ
ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೌರ್ಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಶಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಆದರೆ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುರುಹು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಆದರೂ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೂಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನವೊಂದಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೀಮಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನದಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಡದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರೆಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಡೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರುವುದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಎಂದು</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗಿದೆ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಣ್ಣಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಿನ್ನೆಯನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈಗ
ಸಿಕ್ಕಿರುವ ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭವ್ಯವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಂದರವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪವಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರ)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದಂತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೊಡ್ಡದಿಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸೌಂದರ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದಕ್ಕಿಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಡಿಮೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗಮನಾರ್ಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಷಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಿಡಿದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತ್ಯದವರೆಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಐದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೂರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವರ್ಷಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದವೆರೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನು
ಕಟ್ಟಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುರುಹುಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಗುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕವಾಗಿಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿದ್ದುಹೋಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೇಲ್ಭಾಗದಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒತ್ತಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೂಮಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿರುಕಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಡೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಣ್ಣಿನೊಳಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಸಿದುಬಿದ್ದಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೀಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪರಿಣಾಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಂದರವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂರ್ತಿಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಣ್ಣಿನೊಳಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಕೊಂಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಗೆಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುರಕ್ಷಿತವಾಗಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವುಗಳಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನಾಹುತಗಳಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏಕೈಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೂರಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಪ್ಪತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೌದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಗಳು</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅತ್ಯಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಖ್ಯಾತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಡೆದಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳ
ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಅಮರಾವತಿ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಗ್ಗಯ್ಯಪೇಟ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗಂಟಸಾಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಟ್ಟಿಪರೋಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಗಾರ್ಜುನಕೊಂಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಗಾರ್ಜುನಕೊಂಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದರಲ್ಲಿಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಗನಹಌಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಟುಂಬದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದೆಯೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಮಕಾಲೀನದ್ದಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರದ್ದಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂಲದಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನೆತನದವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೆನಪಿಗಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿಸಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ಯಾನೆಲ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆತನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಂಡತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲಸ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಲ್ಲದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಡಜನ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಯಾಕೆ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹತ್ವದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಚಾರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ
ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಚಿತ್ರವುಳ್ಳ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೋರ್ಟ್ರೇಟ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲ್ಚರ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೊದಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದಿದ್ದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಕ್ಕಾಗಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹತ್ವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಡೆದಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಥಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಕ್ಷಿಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಡಳಿತಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಥಳವಲ್ಲವೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏಕೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೇ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.50 </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ರಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹತ್ವದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇಶದಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂಬತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂಬತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಗಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುರಾತನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಡೆದಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲ್ಪನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರಲಿಕ್ಕಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಷ್ಟೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಮುಖ್ಯತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಡೆದಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಡಲಾಗುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೌದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಧರ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸಾರವಾಗಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏತಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನ್ನಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೌದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಣಯಕ್ಕೇನಾದರೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರಬಹುದಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಧರ್ಮದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಷ್ಟ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೌದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಧರ್ಮದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸಾರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಟ್ಟರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರಿಂದಲೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸೂಚನೆಗಳಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗುವುದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇಕಾಗಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರಿಲ್ಲದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಾಣವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗುಹಾಲಯಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಾತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡುತ್ತೇವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಸಿಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಜೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾರ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಸರೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಕ್ತರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಾಣಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಡುಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಟ್ಟುವಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವ್ಯಯಕ್ತಿಕವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೆರವಾಗಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಬ್ಬೊಬ್ಬರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಟ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರೆಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲಗಳೆಯಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತಾರಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನೇನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲಿಯಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಗುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುನ್ನೂರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದ್ಭುತವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಗುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುನ್ನೂರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದ್ದವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುನ್ನೂರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲವೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತುಂಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನ್ನುವುದಾದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾರಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದತ್ತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಟ್ಟರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಡುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಟ್ಟವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿಕ್ಷು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿಕ್ಷುಣಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾಗಿದ್ದರಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನಸಾಮಾನ್ಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವ್ಯವಸಾಯಸ್ತರಾಗಿದ್ದರಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೆಳಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಚೆಲ್ಲುತ್ತವೆ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನನಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅತ್ಯಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುತೂಹಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂಡಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಚಾರವೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆರಂಭದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಬ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಪತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆರ್ಕಿಟೆಕ್ಚುರಲ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೊಕ್ಯಾಬುಲರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಲಿಸಿದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೈವಿದ್ಯಮಯವಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಉದಾಹರಣಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳುವುದಾದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುತ್ತಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದಕ್ಷಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಥ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತಂಭಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಡೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತಂಭ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಾಯಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಬ್ಧವನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಳಸಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಾಯಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಬ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಳಕೆಯಾಗಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೀಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನೇಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪದಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೈವಿದ್ಯಮಯವಾಗಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಷ್ಟೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿನ್ಯಾಸವನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬದಲಾವಣೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಣದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷತೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಣಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದುವರೆಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೋಟ್ರೇಟ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಚರ್ಚೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ್ವಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಕ್ಕಕ್ಕಿಟ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಂಚಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದಲ್ಲಿರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲೇನಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೂಜೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಕ್ತರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಷ್ಪಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಚಿಮ್ಮುವಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಷ್ಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೆಡೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಗ್ರಹವಾಗಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಷ್ಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುತ್ತಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೂರಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಿಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಾನಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಷ್ಪಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೇರವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಿಕೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶೇಖರವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಲ್ಲದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಳೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೇಲೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಳೆಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಗ್ರಹವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೊರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಗಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಷ್ಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಿಕೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂಶ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಐದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತಂಭಗಳಿದ್ದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಲ್ಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತಂಭಗಳಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬುದ್ಧನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಲ್ಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಘಟಕಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷವೇನೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡನೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುತ್ತಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲ್ಲಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆರಡಿಗಿಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎತ್ತರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಂದರವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೆತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನೇಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ರೀತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಮರಾವತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಂಚಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಂಚಿಯಲ್ಲಂತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೊಡ್ಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಗಿಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತೋರಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿಟ್ಟರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾರಾನಾಥ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೌರತ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ್ದಾಗಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳಷ್ಟೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲೇನಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುರುಹು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲವೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲೂಟಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೊರಗಡೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದಕ್ಷಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಥದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಳಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದಕ್ಷಣೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಕಬೇಕಾದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರ್ಥ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕೆಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನದಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಗನಹಳ್ಳಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದಕ್ಷಣೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಕಬೇಕಾದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಕ್ತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನಸ್ಥಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕದಲಬಾರದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದಕ್ಷಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಥ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶೂನ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನನ್ನೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನಸ್ಸು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅತ್ತಿತ್ತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೊರಳಲಿಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುತೂಹಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಥದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬುದ್ಧನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಾದಗಳನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿಟ್ಟರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಕ್ತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗಮನವನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಿಸುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಧಾನವಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗೊತ್ತಾಗಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಧ್ಬುತವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪರಂಪರೆಯನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೈಬಿಟ್ಟಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೇಲೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂಟಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಫಲಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಂತದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೊಡ್ಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಫಲಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎತ್ತರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಲಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೊಡ್ಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಿಸಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇನ್ನೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿದರ್ಶನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಜಂತಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೇಂಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಲ್ಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಾವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಣ್ಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಣ್ಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ರಿಲೀಫ್ಸ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಾವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೊಡ್ಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗಾತ್ರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಫಲಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆತ್ತಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳಲ್ಲದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿರೂಪಣೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬುದ್ಧನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಸ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನಾಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೂರ್ವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನ್ಮವಲ್ಲದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೂರ್ವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನಾಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳುವುದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಲ್ಲದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಘಟನೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುಂದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸಾರಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಘಟನೆಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬುದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಡೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋದಾಗೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಡೆದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಘಟನೆಗಳಾಗಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿದ್ಧಾರ್ಥನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಯಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ನಮಗೆಲ್ಲಾ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗೊತ್ತಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿದ್ಧಾರ್ಥ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಲ್ಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಡೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಲ್ಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವಗಡಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಯಿದೆಯಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಾತಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವುದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಸ್ಮಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಣುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಠ್ಯಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರುವಂತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಲ್ಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಸ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಘಟನೆಗಳಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರಮನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="KN">ಮಡದಿ</span>,
<span lang="KN">ಮಗುವನ್ನು</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತ್ಯಜಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಟ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಗತಿಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನಸ್ಸಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋವಾಯಿತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡನೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಟ್ಟುಕತೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವಕಾಶವಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಗನಹಳ್ಳಿಯಾಗಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿಯಾಗಲೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಂಚಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪವಾಗಲೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿದ್ಧಾರ್ಥ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಂಡತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಗುವನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತೊರೆದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದಿದೆಯಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಯೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲಾದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿದರ್ಶನವಿದಿಯೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಡೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತರಹದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಸ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಯಾದೇವಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆತನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಾಯಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಡುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಧಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಸ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿಂತುಕೊಂಡೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಡಿಯುತ್ತಾಳೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೃಕ್ಷ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಿಡಿದುಕೊಂಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿಂತೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಧ್ಬುತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶೇಷವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಥಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡನೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಷಯವೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿವೃತ್ತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಡಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಗುವುದನ್ನೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತೋರಿಸುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುದುರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಗುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾಪಸ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಶೋಧರನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತಃಪುರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿವರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೈರಾಗ್ಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದಷ್ಟೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಗು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ರಾತ್ರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೇಳೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತೊರೆದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುತೂಹಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಾಯಿಯನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೈಲೈಟ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿದ್ಧಾರ್ಥನಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜ್ಞಾನೋದಯವಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾಪಸ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಯಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇವಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಡೆದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೂಸನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಕ್ಷ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಂಶಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪರಿಚಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿಕೊಡುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶವಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬುದ್ಧನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮದುವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿಕೊಡುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಷಯವಾಗಲೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಸಾರದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಷಯವಾಗಲೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇಹವನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಂಡಿಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಕ್ಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುನಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಊಹಾತ್ಮಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಂತಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಣೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹುಶಃ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗಾಂಧಾರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹತ್ವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನ್ನಿಸುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇನ್ನೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೂರ್ತಿಯಾಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕತೆಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳಲಿಕ್ಕಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏಕೆಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನನಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೂಡಲೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗೊತ್ತಾಗಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಸ್ತಕದಲ್ಲೇಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಓದಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಲ್ಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವಘಡಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಡೆದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವರಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವೃರಾಗ್ಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಿದಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರ್ಥವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಶೋಧರೆಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆಯಾಗಲೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವರಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಗು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಯಿತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವುದಾಗಲೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದಕ್ಕೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಧಾರವಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಳಸಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತವೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನ್ನಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತೆಲುಗು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆಯೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಳಸಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶುದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತವಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಕ್ಕೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವುದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಬಂಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪದಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುಂದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತವೆಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಬೇಕಷ್ಟೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ರೀತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾತವಾಹನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪರಂಪರೆಯಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದನ್ನೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷಾಂತರಿಸಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಕಟಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ
ಶಾಸನಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೀರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಪ್ಪಳದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿದಂತೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೊಡ್ಡವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನಾದರೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವಿದೆಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದಷ್ಟೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಮರಾವತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನವಸತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೀಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿಯಷ್ಟೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಂಧ್ರದದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರುಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೌದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೀಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೊದಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೌದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಚೈತ್ಯಾಲಯಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವುಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುತ್ತಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಳ್ಳಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾಸಸ್ಥಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೆಳೆದಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಷ್ಟರೊಳಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೌದ್ಧಮತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವನತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಷ್ಟೊಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಿಕ್ಕುಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದ್ದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ತೂಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೋನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸೆಂಟರ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಿಕ್ಕುಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದ್ದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಳಂದದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೊಯೆನ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತ್ಸಾಂಗ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರವಾಸಿಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರೆದಿರುವುಂತೆ
ಸನ್ನತಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಏನಾದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಿಳಿದುಬರುತ್ತದೆಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪುಸ್ತಕದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಶಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಿದ್ದೇನೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೂಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಡಳಿತದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರಸ್ಥಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಕ್ಷಿಣದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುವರ್ಣಗಿರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬುದಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುವರ್ಣಗಿರಿಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಕಗಿರಿಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಲವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಮಿಪ್ಯಗಳಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಉತ್ತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೀಮಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನದಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೃಷ್ಣಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನದಿಗಿಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೇಲಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುವರ್ಣಗಿರಿಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾತ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರುವುದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುವರ್ಣಗಿರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಕಗಿರಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಬಂಧವಿರಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನಿಸುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುವರ್ಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರ್ಥ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀಡುವುದರಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಕ್ಷಿಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಡಳಿತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವುದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವಶೇಷಗಳಿವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಕಗಿರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎನ್ನುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದಿದ್ದಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೀಮಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನದಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತ್ತಿಯಿಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಐದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಿಲೋಮೀಟರ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸನ್ನತ್ತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಗನಹಳ್ಳಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಂಪ್ಲೆಕ್ಸ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿಮ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲೇಖನವೊಂದರಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹೀಶ್ಮತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೀರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗೆಗಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಷಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="KN">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೌದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಬಂಧಪಟ್ಟಂತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿಷಯಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹಿಶಮಂಡಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹಿಶೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅನ್ನುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಉಲ್ಲೇಖವಿರುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಪ್ಪಳದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೂಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸುಮಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂಬತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹಾಕಿದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೆಸರನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೇಳಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲಿಯವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗೊತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈಗೇನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೊಪ್ಪಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕರೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡನೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಬ್ಬರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭೌದ್ಧರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಗಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಾನಿಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹಿಶಮಂಡಲದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆಗಿನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣದವರೆಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಹಿಶಮಂಡಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕುಪ್ಪಣದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಿವಾಸಿಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನಗನಹಳ್ಳಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಾನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಂಬ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬರುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಹಿತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆರಂಭದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತಿಹಾಸದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇರುವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬಹಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಸ್ತುವಾಗಿದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನ್ನಡ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಧ್ಯಯನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕನ್ನಡದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತಿಹಾಸ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಲು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋದಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಮರ್ಪಕವಾಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಾಕೃತ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತದಂತಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆಗಳ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳನ್ನು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಹ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೋಡಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದುವರೆಗೆ
ಪ್ರಯಾಣದಿಂದ ಆಯಾಸವಾಗಿದ್ದರೂ ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರನಲ್ಲದ ನನ್ನಂಥವನಿಗೆ ತಾಳ್ಮೆಯಿಂದ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸಮಯ
ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ
ಹಂಚಿಕೊಡಿರಿ. ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿ</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">; </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ಹಿರಿಯ ಪತ್ರಕರ್ತ</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">; </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ಟಾಟಾ ಸಮೂಹದ ಮಾಜಿ ಉಪಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">; </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN;">ಸಧ್ಯ ನಿಯಾಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿಥಿ ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕ)</span></b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(<span lang="KN">ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಯ ಲಿಪೀಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾಯ:
ಪ್ರೊ.</span> <span lang="KN">ಪವನ ಗಂಗಾಧರ</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶ್ರೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರಗತಿಪರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿದ್ಯಾವರ್ಧಕ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪದವಿಪೂರ್ವ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಾಲೇಜು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾವಿನಗಳ್ಳಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗುಬ್ಬಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತಾಲ್ಲೂಕು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt: 9.45pt;"><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ತುಮಕೂರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Tunga","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-76073007928845835962021-06-06T20:24:00.002+05:302021-06-07T09:08:23.322+05:30Bala Manian pioneering Digital Cinematography<p><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><span face="-apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: large;">Seamless vision -- Bala S Manian</span></span></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Shivanand Kanavi</b></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Excerpt from: " Beyond valuations", Business India, September 17-30, 2001 </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOZdKPsO8b3hzj-qmcfRNZ5Q7ieZwbx2qa9cSsjfRRZn9vWZc3ZZuGYIIF1_mITROLUuu-l74a7GtAKpzDELvqBqBB7_fPxobxZFH9nJEd0iBejhIthlYy9RbiTHI3uXoE9b5IqLE3mYw/s2048/Bala+Manian.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1365" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOZdKPsO8b3hzj-qmcfRNZ5Q7ieZwbx2qa9cSsjfRRZn9vWZc3ZZuGYIIF1_mITROLUuu-l74a7GtAKpzDELvqBqBB7_fPxobxZFH9nJEd0iBejhIthlYy9RbiTHI3uXoE9b5IqLE3mYw/w426-h640/Bala+Manian.JPG" width="426" /></a></div><br /><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Photo: Palashranjan Bhaumick</b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One would think Bala Manian, who lost an eye in childhood in a ghastly accident while playing with a sharp compass from his school geometry box, is limited in his vision. But that would be only physically true. He is probably one of the most versatile entrepreneurs in the Silicon Valley. Digital cinematography, optical imaging, bioinfomatics and biomedical instrumentation are his playgrounds. In the last 20 years, he has created seven successful start-ups in as many different fields of technology. Manian who is a mechanical engineer by training, is the closest one gets to an 18th century French encyclopaedist in a Valley full of frenetic people with narrow vision and a QSQT - quarter-se-quarter tak - approach to life. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When Business India met him at his home in the Valley, he was preparing to visit India and speak to biologists and computer science experts here on the new opportunities in creating an information infrastructure for biological discovery. "Today, by the term bioinfomatics, is understood genome sequencing and protein sequencing. Actually it is much more than that. It is pattern recognition. But there are too many people who talk the talk and very few who walk the walk," says Manian, who cannot suffer shallow conversationalists. "I will see if I can interest some people in it. It needs a confluence of under-standing, of data mining, pattern recognition, clustering algorithms and biology. The cost advantage of doing this in India is clear to everybody. But I have been away from India for 35 years and 1 call myself an NRI - Non Relevant Indian. For me to assume that just because I am of Indian origin, I know what needs to be done in India in the sphere of policy formulation, is presumptuous. As it is, there are too many people going there and pontificating. However, what needs to be done technologically is very clear to me." "I want to illustrate that even though I am a mechanical engineer, I did the whole cell analysis. I did not have biology background, but I did not hesitate. People need to shed fear. Also, they need to focus on what they can do better, since there are so many things one could do. The window of time that is available to you in this life is small. Fads come and go, but when it comes to science, the only way to succeed is hard work. If I can make these three points, then my trip would have been worthwhile," he says. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Manian's understanding of novel technologies and their possible commercial exploitation is legendary. In 1978, when he first moved to Silicon Valley, Eugene Kleiner of Kleiner Perkins, the best-known venture capital firm in the Valley, asked him to be a consultant for the firm. When ICICI started the venture capital firm, TDICI, N. Vaghul, Chairman of ICICI, who is Manian's elder brother, asked him to advise TDICI on which ventures to invest in biotechnology. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Manian studied physics in Loyola College, Chennai, and graduated in mechanical engineering (instrumentation) from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1967. He wanted to set up a business, but one of his professors advised him to apply to the University of Rochester to study optics. "But Rochester was more interested in laser physics and physical optics than the engineering aspects. Hence, soon after getting my MS, I shifted to Purdue University for my PhD and became the first graduate student in engineering optics," he says. However, Rochester beckoned him after his PhD to set up engineering optics there and he spent the next four years in Rochester. Meanwhile, he got involved in industrial consulting for Spectra Physics, a Silicon Valley based firm and developed the first portable laser barcode reader for supermarkets. Manian also did a lot of work for the US spy satellite community in Washington on digital imaging. Besides establishing Manian as a name to be reckoned with in optics, Rochester also helped him get his soul mate. He married Tasneem, a Pakistani pediatrician and both moved to the Silicon Valley in 1978. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At that time, the Star Wars films from Hollywood were gaining immense popularity and set a new dimension in the quality of special effects. Having heard of Manian's reputation in digital optics, George Lukas, director of the Star Wars series and founder of Industrial Light and Magic, approached him to develop new digital special effects technology. That led to Pixar. Manian developed the first three-colour input-output device to take live scenes, digitise them, put special effects, and put them back on film. These effects were used in Indiana Jones-The Last Crusade, The Return of the Jedi and The Adventures ot Young Sherlock Holmes. The Motion Picture Academy, which awards Oscars in Hollywood, honoured Manian with a special award for his technical contribution to digital cinematography during the 1998 Oscar ceremony. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Manian goes to the roots of a technology, sees its possible applications elsewhere, and does not see any borders in his way. This ability to cross boundaries took him into medical imaging. "In those days, CT scan and MRI images had enormous depth in terms of dynamic range. But doctors had to take photographs from CRT monitors, which had poor resolution," he says. "I took the technology that I had developed for Lucas' films and for the army for digital reconnaissance satellites and developed the first laser film recorder for medical imaging. I worked with Kodak on that. I took digital images and printed them directly on film without going through the CRT, so all intermediate degradation in image quality was avoided." "At the time, I was approached by a new start-up called Adobe, to see if I could apply it in the printing industry. But then Cannon came up with a laser printer, so I saw no point in getting into it," he recalls, "So I focused on medical applications, In 1980 I started Digital Optics Corporation and that was acquired in 1984 by Matrix, which was later acquired by Bayer-Agfa, Gene Kleiner told me that time: 'This is not your first or last idea, so you should go ahead and sell the company: He opened up doors for me, I provided venture capitalists with free consulting. Within two years I found something else to do. "</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"I had two ideas in life sciences, and thus started two companies simultaneously. One was Molecular Dynamics, which developed the most successful product, called storage phosphor technology, which is used in radiography. It used a radioactively-labelled phosphor in radioimmunoassay, animal studies of drugs, and also in genetics as a marker. The other company was called Lumisys. It did the opposite of what I did in Digital Optics. I knew wideband communications was coming, so community hospitals, which do not have radiology experts should be able to digitise x-ray photographs and send them to experts through modems. Lumisys quickly captured the market for film digitisers. This is called telemedicine today. Lumisys went public in 1995 and Kodak acquired it in 2000. Molecular Dynamics, which had gone public in 1993, was acquired in 199R by Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech." </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bala started Biometric Imaging in 1993, which was subsequently acquired by Becton Dickinson. Biometric Imaging's technology can make thousands of measurements in a blood sample. In 1999, Manian came across a technology from MIT and Berkeley (the original work was done at Bell Labs) relating to nanocrystals, which showed that when very small semiconductor crystals developed some very interesting optical properties - they emit coloured light when light is shone on them, just like dyes do. However, while dyes bleach in a short time, nanocrystals do not. This property makes them useful as markers in studying a biological process in situ. "We can send them inside a cell and see what is happening - did the gene get activated by what I am doing, is there a message there, am I able to detect RNA? Is it expressing cytokine, (a small molecule that plays a role in cell-to-cell communication)? If I put a cytokine, is it activating the cell? Now I can put thousands of them in a small bead, which is only two microns (micron is a thousandth of a millimetre) in size, and use it as a sort of barcode and then follow that individual bead. I can uniquely identify that head," says an excited Manian. And that marked the birth of a hot new start-up called Quantum Dots Corp. Manian, the serial entrepreneur-cum-scientist, holds 35 patents and has about 30 research papers to his credit. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"Unlike most other entrepreneurs you have met, I don't go and start companies. I find a solution to a problem then I use a company as a way to implement the idea. Even though I am the chairman of the company, I can go and sit with somebody in the lab and go to the component level in hardware or check the software code. I enjoy all that. In a lot of ways my approach to entrepreneurship is different from most others," he says. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All his companies are a driving distance from his home. His main preoccupation now is how to apply the information that science has, to biological discovery. He says science is generating islands of information and likens the situation to a Tamil proverb that says five blind men in a room with an elephant will each come up with differing pictures of the beast, depending on which part of it they touch. "People who work on SNI', proteomics and clinical informatics are looking at different parts," he explains. "I believe the next decade is going to be, not one of new discoveries, but of putting it all together and seeking connections. In order to make big strides we have to shed the Pavlov mentality. We have a tendency to do what is being done in University of Pennsylvania or some other place. Somebody has to break out of this and leap frog either from the clinical side or from the basic biology side. There is a great opportunity to recognise multi-dimensional data and begin to see patterns in it and there is no better machine than the human mind for that. That is how IT and biology have to converge." </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His wife Tasneem has stopped practicing medicine and is very active in a support network for victims of domestic violence. Manian is on the board of trustees of the University of Rochester. "I want to figure out how to give back to India in education, instead of sitting here and pontificating," he says. We hope Indian universities, CSIR Labs and the Department of Biotechnology are listening. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">-------------------------</p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-15832236036922781562021-05-30T05:54:00.000+05:302021-05-30T05:54:49.031+05:30Shantadevi Kanavi tribute Prajavani<p> </p><p>https://www.prajavani.net/artculture/article-features/shantadevi-kanavi-veteran-kannada-short-story-writer-intellectual-and-wife-of-poet-channaveera-834356.html</p><p><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ನನ್ನ ಅವ್ವ: ಸತ್ವಶಾಲಿ ಮಹಿಳೆ</span></b></p><p><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZXzD6CZPjST9rJTSoocqCPdyerq16Idr1QQ5h0D08kQAINC9LubpFPuM8Jt6aTHvzOQ8xLob0AEx6y9a4Bgf6rUyyvOYPnwTLjH8ILFfc32x09AALRTwGPdcrsmUEyIO53Ui3nkSLGus/s1280/Avva-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZXzD6CZPjST9rJTSoocqCPdyerq16Idr1QQ5h0D08kQAINC9LubpFPuM8Jt6aTHvzOQ8xLob0AEx6y9a4Bgf6rUyyvOYPnwTLjH8ILFfc32x09AALRTwGPdcrsmUEyIO53Ui3nkSLGus/w640-h480/Avva-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>ಶಾಂತಾದೇವಿ ಕಣವಿ (೧೯೩೩-೨೦೨೦) </b></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><div>ಹಿರಿಯ ಕಥೆಗಾರ್ತಿ <b>ಶಾಂತಾದೇವಿ ಕಣವಿ</b> ಯವರು ೬ ದಶಕಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಾಲ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಸೇವೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದರು. ಅವರ ೮ ಕಥಾಸಂಗ್ರಹಗಳು <b>ಸಂಜೆ ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ, ಬಯಲು ಆಲಯ, ಮರು ವಿಚಾರ, ಜಾತ್ರೆ ಮುಗಿದಿತ್ತು, ಕಳಚಿ ಬಿದ್ದ ಪೈಜಣ, ನೀಲಿಮಾ ತೀರ, ಗಾಂಧಿ ಮಗಳು </b>ಮತ್ತು<b> ಅಚ್ಚ ಪರಿಮಳ </b>ಮತ್ತು ಎರಡು ಸಂಪುಟಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿತ<b> ಕಥಾ ಮಂಜರಿ </b>ಅಸಂಖ್ಯ ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರ ಹೃದಯ ತಟ್ಟಿವೆ<b>.</b></div><div>ನಾಡಿನ ಹಿರಿಯ ಕವಿ ನಾಡೋಜ <b>ಚೆನ್ನವೀರ ಕಣವಿ</b> ಯವರ ಪತ್ನಿ ಆಗಿದ್ದ ಶಾಂತಾದೇವಿ ಯವರ ಕಥೆಗಳು ಹಿಂದಿ, ತಮಿಳು, ಮಲಯಾಳಮ್, ತೆಲುಗು, ಒಡಿಯಾ, ಪಂಜಾಬಿ ಮತ್ತು ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷು ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅನುವಾದಿತವಾಗಿವೆ.</div><div>ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸೇವೆಗೆ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ, ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿಯ ಗೌರವ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರಕಾರದ ದಾನ ಚಿಂತಾಮಣಿ ಅತ್ತಿಮಬ್ಬೆ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ, ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿನ ಬಿ ಸರೋಜಾದೇವಿ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ, ಈಟೀವಿ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಮಹಿಳೆ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳೂ ಮತ್ತು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ ಮಹಿಳಾ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ ದಿಂದ ಗೌರವ ಡಾಕ್ಟರೇಟಿನ ಗೌರವವೂ ಸಂದಿವೆ.</div><div>ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃಷಿಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹಲವು ವಿಚಾರ ಸಂಕಿರಣಗಳೂ ಮತ್ತು ಕೃತಿಗಳೂ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಿವೆ. "<b>ಒಣಗ ಬಾರದು ಒಡಲ ಚಿಲುಮೆ" </b>ಎಂಬ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಯ ಕೃತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ೫೬ ವಿಮರ್ಶಕರು ಅವರ ಕಥೆಗಳ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಸಧ್ಯ ಅವರ ಸ್ಮೃತಿ ಗ್ರಂಥ <b>"ಸಂಜೆ ಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ"</b> ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಗಲಿದೆ.</div><div>------------------------------<wbr></wbr>---------</div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"> ನನ್ನ ಅವ್ವ: ಸತ್ವಶಾಲಿ ಮಹಿಳೆ </span></b><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> ಕಥೆಗಾರ್ತಿ <b>ಶಾಂತಾದೇವಿ ಕಣವಿ</b> (ಜನೆವರಿ ೧೨, ೧೯೩೩--ಮೇ ೨೨, ೨೦೨೦) ಅವರಿಗೆ ಪುತ್ರ <b>ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ</b> ಯವರ ನಮನ. </span><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">ಸಾವಿಲ್ಲದ, ಆತ್ಮವೊಂದು ಇದೆಯೋ ಇಲ್ಲವೋ ನನಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ. ನನ್ನ ಆತ್ಮಶೋಧವೂ ಕವಿ ವಿ ಜಿ ಭಟ್ಟ ರಂತೆ ಕಿಟ್ಟೆಲ್ ಶಬ್ದಕೋಶದ ೧೫೩ನೆಯ ಪುಟಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂದೆ ಹೋಗಿಲ್ಲ. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">ನನ್ನ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಓದು ನನಗೆ ಮನಸ್ಸು, ನೆನಪುಗಳು, ಕನಸು, ಭಾವನೆ, ಬುದ್ಧಿ, ವಿವೇಕ ಗಳೆಲ್ಲ ನಮ್ಮ ಮೆದುಳಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಉಗಮಿಸುತ್ತವೆ ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನಮ್ಮ ಸಾವಿನ ನಂತರ ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಹದಂತೆ ಅವೂ ನಶ್ವರ ಎಂದು ಬೋಧಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ನೆನಪು, ಪ್ರಭಾವ ಉಳಿದವರ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯ ನಂತರವೂ ಉಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಆ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅವರಿನ್ನೂ ನಮ್ಮೊಡನೆ, ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದಾರೆಂದು ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. ಕಣ್ಮರೆಯಾದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ಸಾಹಿತಿ, ಕಲೆಗಾರ, ಚಿಂತಕರಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಅವರ ಕೃತಿಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಇನ್ನೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ದಿನ, ವರುಷ, ಶತಮಾನಗಳ ವರೆಗೆ ಕೂಡ ಅನೇಕ ಪರಿಚಿತ ಮತ್ತು ಅಪರಿಚಿತ ಆಸಕ್ತರಿಗೆ "ಜೀವಂತ" ವಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದು ನನ್ನ ತಿಳುವಳಿಕೆ.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">ನನ್ನ ಅವ್ವನ ಸುಮಾರು ೬ ದಶಕಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಕೃಷಿ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇತರರು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾವಿರಾರು ಓದುಗರು ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಅವಳ ಸ್ನೇಹಮಯ ವಿಶಾಲ ಹೃದಯದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅವಳ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಬಂದವರೆಲ್ಲ ಈಗ ಮುದ್ರಣವಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ ಸ್ಮೃತಿ ಗ್ರಂಥ "ಸಂಜೆಮಲ್ಲಿಗೆ" ಯಲ್ಲಿ ( ಸಂ. ವೀಣಾ ಶಾಂತೇಶ್ವರ, ಶಾಂತಾ ಇಮ್ರಾಪುರ) ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ನಾನು ಈ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಟಿಪ್ಪಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳಿಂದ ನಾನು ಏನು ಕಲಿತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಹೇಗೆ ಪ್ರಭಾವಿತನಾದೆ ಅನ್ನುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">ನನ್ನ ಅವ್ವನಿಗೆ ಕೆಲವು ಆಳವಾದ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳಿದ್ದವು ಆದರೆ ಅವಳೆಂದೂ ಕುಟುಂಬದಲ್ಲಿ ಇತರರ ಮೇಲೆ ತನ್ನ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಅಥವಾ ಭಾಷಣವನ್ನೂ ಕೊಡುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ತನ್ನ ನಡೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಅವಳದನ್ನು ವ್ಯಕ್ತಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ನನ್ನ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಾಲ್ಯದಿಂದ ಅವು ಗಾಢ ಪ್ರಭಾವವನ್ನು ಬೀರಿದವು. <br /><div><br /></div><div>ಅವ್ವ ನಿರೀಶ್ವರವಾದಿ ಯಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಆದರೆ ಜೀವನದುದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಎಂದೂ ಅವಳು ಯಾವ ದೇವರ ಪೂಜೆಗಾಗಿಯೂ ಗುಡಿ, ದೇವಾಲಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ, ಹೊರತೋರಿಕೆಗಾಗಿ ಅಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬುದು ಅವಳ ಗಾಢ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಮನೆಯ ಪೂಜಾ ಕೋಣೆಯ ಏಕಾಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳು ಆಗಾಗ ಧ್ಯಾನ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಪೂಜೆ, ಪುನಸ್ಕಾರ, ಹೋಮ, ಹವನ ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳನ್ನು ಅವಳು ಎಂದೂ ಆಚರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಿಲ್ಲ. ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರೊಡನೆಯ ಗ್ರಹಣ, ರಾಹುಕಾಲ, ಮುಹೂರ್ತ, ಶಕುನ-ಅಪಶಕುನ, ಗ್ರಹ ಶಾಂತಿ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳಿಂದಂತೂ ಅವಳು ಬಹಳ ದೂರವಿದ್ದಳು. </div><div><br /></div><div>ಚಿಕ್ಕಂದಿನಿಂದಲೂ ಅವಳು ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸಕ, ವಾಸ್ತವವಾದಿ, ವೈಚಾರಿಕ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋನವನ್ನು ಬೆಳೆಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಳು. ಜನಸೇವೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿರುವ ಎಲ್ಲರ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯೂ ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಗೌರವವಿತ್ತು ಆದರೆ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ, ನೈತಿಕ ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಅವಳೆಂದೂ ಯಾರ ಕಡೆಗೂ ಹೋಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಡಾಂಭಿಕ, ಪ್ರಚಾರಪ್ರಿಯರಿಂದ ಬಹು ದೂರವಿರುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಆದರೆ ಸಮಾಜದ ದಲಿತ, ಪೀಡಿತ, ಶೋಷಿತರ ಏಳ್ಗೆ, ಮತ್ತು ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರತರಾದವರೆಲ್ಲ ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಿಯ ಮತ್ತು ಆದರಣೀಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಹಬ್ಬಗಳೆಲ್ಲ ಸಂತೋಷದಿಂದ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಸದಸ್ಯರೊಡನೆ ಹಬ್ಬದ ಊಟ ತಿಂದು ಮನೋರಂಜನೆ ಮಾಡುವದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ವಿಶೇಷ ಪೂಜೆ ಪುನಸ್ಕಾರಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಅಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ವಿವಾಹಗಳೂ ಸರಳವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು ಯಾವ ಆಡಂಬರದ ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ವಿಧಿಗಳಿಲ್ಲದೇ ೧೨ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ಲಿಂಗಾಯತ ಶರಣರ ಕೆಲ ವಚನಗಳನ್ನು ಉದ್ಗರಿಸಿ ಆಚರಿಸುವದು ಅವಳ ಮತ್ತು ನನ್ನ ತಂದೆಯವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅದೇ ವೇಳೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಅಥವಾ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಗಳು ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ವಿಧಿಗಳನ್ನು ಆಚರಿಸಬೇಕು ಎಂದರೆ ಅವರೆಂದೂ ಅಡ್ಡ ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ಸ್ವಂತ ಆಚಾರ ವಿಚಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಅಭಿವ್ಯಕ್ತಗೊಳಿಸುವಲ್ಲಿ ಎಂದೂ ಅವಳು ಹಿಂಜರಿಯಲಿಲ್ಲ ಆದರೆ ಉಳಿದವರೆಲ್ಲರೂ ಅದನ್ನೇ ಪಾಲಿಸ ಬೇಕೆಂದು ಹಠವನ್ನೂ ಹಿಡಿಯುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. </div><div><br /></div><div>ಅವಳಿಗೆ ೧೨ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದ ವಚನಕಾರರು ಬಹಳ ಪ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಅವರ ಅನೇಕ ವಿಚಾರಗಳು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ೨೦-೨೧ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನಕ್ಕೂ ಸರಿ ಎನಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಅವಳು ಬೌದ್ಧ ವಿಚಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಆಸಕ್ತಿಯಿಂದ ಓದುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು. ಅಂದರೆ ಅವಳು ಸ್ವಾನುಭವ, ಸ್ವಾಧ್ಯಾಯದಿಂದ ತನ್ನ ನಂಬಿಕೆ, ವೈಚಾರಿಕತೆಯನ್ನು ರೂಪುಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು ಯಾವದೇ ಮತ, ಪಂಥದಿಂದಲ್ಲ.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಅವ್ವನ ತಂದೆ, ಸಿದ್ದಬಸಪ್ಪಾ ಗಿಡ್ನವರ, ನನ್ನ ಅಜ್ಜ, ಉತ್ಕಟ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಪ್ರಿಯರು. ಸಣ್ಣ ಊರುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ನೌಕರಿಯ ದಿನಗಳನ್ನು (೧೯೨೦-೫೭ ವರೆಗೆ ) ಕಳೆದರೂ ಅವರ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಪ್ರೇಮ, ಸಾಹಿತಿಗಳ ಗೆಳೆತನ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರಂತೇ ಸಂಗೀತ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಗೀತಕಾರರ ಪ್ರೇಮ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ಮನೆಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ತನ್ನ ಗಾತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ವೈವಿಧ್ಯತೆಯಿಂದ ಎಲ್ಲರನ್ನೂ ಬೆರಗುಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಅವರು ಲಿಂಗಾಯತ ಶರಣರಷ್ಟೇ, ಜಿದ್ದು ಕೃಷ್ಣಮೂರ್ತಿ, ವಿವೇಕಾನಂದ, ಶ್ರೀ ಅರವಿಂದರನ್ನೂ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ವಿಪುಲವಾಗಿ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷು, ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಕೃತಿಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ತತ್ವಜ್ಞಾನ ಆಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮಗಳ ಭಾಂಡಾರವೂ ಆಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರ ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯದಲ್ಲೇ ತನ್ಮಯಳಾಗಿ ತನ್ನ ಬಾಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಳೆದಳು ನನ್ನ ಅವ್ವ. ಆದರೆ ಅವಳು ಶ್ರೀ ಅರವಿಂದರ ಅಥವಾ ಇತರ ಆಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮಿಗಳ ಅನುಯಾಯಿಯಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅವಳು ಕೊನೆಯವರೆಗೂ ವೈಚಾರಿಕವಾಗಿ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ವಾಸ್ತವವಾದಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದಳು ಮತ್ತು ನಮ್ಮನ್ನೆಲ್ಲ ಅದೇ ದಿಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ನಡೆಸಿದಳು.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಅವಳ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದ ಓದು ವಿಶಾಲವಾಗಿತ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಕೊನೆಯ ದಿನಗಳ ವರೆಗೂ ನಡೆದಿತ್ತು. ಅವಳ ಕೊನೆ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಹಾಸಿಗೆಯ ಬಳಿ ಶಾರ್ಲೆಟ್ ಬ್ರೊಂಟೀ ಯ "ಜೇನ್ ಆಯರ್" ಇತ್ತು. ಅದನ್ನವಳು ಅದೆಷ್ಟು ಬಾರಿ ಓದ್ದಿದ್ದಳೋ !</div><div><br /></div><div>ಅವಳ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಲೇಖಕರೆಲ್ಲಾ ವಾಸ್ತವವಾದಿಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದರು. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಜೇನ್ ಆಸ್ಟಿನ್ ಅತಿ ಪ್ರಿಯ. ಅದರಂತೇ ಬ್ರೊಂಟೀ ಅಕ್ಕ-ತಂಗಿಯರು, ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಿಕನ್ಸ್, ಜಾರ್ಜ ಎಲಿಯಟ್, ವಿಕ್ಟರ್ ಹ್ಯುಗೊ, ಲಿಯೊ ಟಾಲ್ಸ್ಟೊಯ್, ಅಂಟೊನ್ ಚೆಕೋವ್, ಓ ಹೆನ್ರಿ, ಗೈ ದಿ ಮೊಪಾಸ್ಸಾ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ. ಕನ್ನಡದ ಗದ್ಯ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಸ್ತಿ, ಕಾರಂತ, ಅನಕೃ, ತರಾಸು, ಕಟ್ಟೀಮನಿ, ನಿರಂಜನ, ಕುವೆಂಪು, ಭೈರಪ್ಪಾ, ಶಂಕರ ಮೊಖಾಶಿ, ಶಾಂತಿನಾಥ ದೇಸಾಯಿ, ಪೂರ್ಣಚಂದ್ರ ತೇಜಸ್ವಿ, ಲಂಕೇಶ, ಕೊಡಗಿನ ಗೌರಮ್ಮ, ವಾಣಿ, ತ್ರಿವೇಣಿ, ಅನುಪಮಾ, ವೈದೇಹಿ ಮತ್ತೆ ಅನೇಕರು. ಅವಳು ಸ್ವಭಾವತಃ ವಾಸ್ತವವಾದಿ ಆದ್ದರಿಂದಲೇ ಉಳಿದ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಮತ್ತು ಯುರೋಪಿನ ವಾಸ್ತವವಾದಿಗಳು ಅವಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಸ ಸ ಮಾಳವಾಡರ ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ದೊರೆತ ಒಂದು ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಿದರೆ ೧೯೪೪ರಲ್ಲಿ (೧೧ ವರುಷದವಳಿದ್ದಾಗ ) ಅವಳು ಬರೆದ ಒಂದು ಕಥೆಯಿಂದ ಅವಳ ಬರಹ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತೆನ್ನಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರಕಟ ವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಸಿಸ್ದ್ಧಿ ಪಡೆದ ಕಥೆ ೧೯೫೮ರ <b>ನಡೆದು ಬಂದ ದಾರಿ, </b>ಕೀರ್ತಿನಾಥ ಕುರ್ತುಕೋಟಿ ಸಂಪಾದಿಸಿದ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹದಲ್ಲಿ. ನಾವೆಲ್ಲಾ ೫ ಜನ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಚಿಕ್ಕವರಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗಲೂ ಅಡಿಗೆ ಮನೆ, ಮಲಗುವ ಮನೆ, ಡೈನಿಂಗ ರೂಮು ಎಲ್ಲ ಅವಳ ಓದು ಬರಹದ ಕೋಣೆಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ೬೦ರ ದಶಕದಿಂದ ಸುಧಾ, ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ, ತರಂಗ, ಮಯೂರ, ವಿವಿಧ ದೀಪಾವಳಿ ವಿಶೇಷಾಂಕಗಳು ಅವಳ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬೇಡಿ ಪ್ರಕಟಗೊಳಿಸಿದವು. ಆಕಾಶವಾಣಿ ಅವಳ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ ಸುಮಾರು ೬೦ಕ್ಕೂ ಮೀರಿ ರೇಡಿಯೋ ನಾಟಕಗಳನ್ನೂ, ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮಹಿಳೆಯರಿಗಾಗಿ ಅನೇಕ ಹರಟೆ, ಭಾಷಣಗಳನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಸಾರ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಎಂಟು ಕಥಾ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ ಗಳೂ ಮತ್ತವಳ ಕಥೆಗಳ ವಿಮರ್ಶಾ ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳೂ ಪ್ರಕಟವಾದವು ಮತ್ತನೇಕ ಗೌರವ, ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿಗಳೂ ದೊರಕಿದವು. ಅದರೆ ಅದೆಲ್ಲ ಅವಳು ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿಯೆಂದಂತೆ "ಸಂತೆಯೊಳಗೊಂದು ಮನೆಯ ಮಾಡಿ ಶಬ್ದಕ್ಕೆ ನಾಚದೆಯೇ" ಸಾಧಿಸಿದಳು.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಅಡುಗೆ ಮನೆಯ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಸೊಸೆ ಮಂಜುಳಾಗೆ ವಹಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ಅವಳು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ದೂರ ದರ್ಶಕದ ಮುಂದೆ ಪುಸ್ತಕ ಹಿಡಿದುಕೊಂಡೇ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಕಾಣಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಳು.</div><div><br /></div><div>ತಾಯಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವಳು ನಾವು ಚಿಕ್ಕವರಿದ್ದಾಗ ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಸಹಜವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರೀತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಅನುಶಾಸನ ಮಿಶ್ರಿಸಿ ಬೆಳೆಸಿದಳು ಆದರೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾವಂತರಾದಂತೆಯೇ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ವಿಷಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾರದರ್ದಶಿಯೂ ಮತ್ತು ವೈಚಾರಿಕವಾಗಿ ಉದಾರಮತವಾದಿಯೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಳು. ನಾವು ಬೆಳೆದಂತೆ ನಮಗೆ ವೈಚಾರಿಕ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ನಮ್ಮ ನಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನ ಸಂಗಾತಿಗಳು, ಅಭಿರುಚಿಗಳು, ಹವ್ಯಾಸಗಳು,ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯವಹಾರಿಕ ರಂಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯುತ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಪೂರ್ತಿಯಾಗಿ ನಮ್ಮ ತಂದೆ-ತಾಯಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರು. ಈಗ ಎಷ್ಟೋ ಬಾರಿ ನಾವು ನಮ್ಮ ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಹಾಗಿದ್ದೀವಾ ಎಂದು ಅನೇಕ ಬಾರಿ ನನಗೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯೇಳುತ್ತದೆ. ನನ್ನ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಅವಳ ಪಾಲನೆಯ ಶೈಲಿ ನಮಗೆ ಆದರ್ಶವಾಗಿದೆ.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಅವಳ ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಳು ಗಾಢವಾಗಿದ್ದವು ಆದರೂ ಎಂದೂ ಸ್ಥಾವರವಾಗಿದ್ದಿಲ್ಲ. ಹೊಸ ವಿಚಾರ ಅಥವಾ ಚಿಂತನೆಯ ಕ್ರಮಕ್ಕೆ ಸರಳವಾಗಿ ತನ್ನನು ತಾನು ತೆರೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಳು. ಸುತ್ತೆಲ್ಲ ವೈಚಾರಿಕ ಸ್ಥಾವರತೆಯೇ ತುಂಬಿದಾಗ ಇದೊಂದು ಅಪರೂಪ ಗುಣವಾಗಿಲ್ಲವೇ? ನನ್ನ ತಂದೆಯ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಕೋಣ ಸಮಷ್ಟಿಯದು, ಸಮತೋಲ- ಸಮನ್ವಯತೆಯದು. ತಮ್ಮ ಅನುಭವ, ಕಾವ್ಯ ದರ್ಶನದ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ರಾಜಕೀಯ, ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಅನಿಸಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ತಮ್ಮ ಕವಿತೆಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಅವರು ಸುಮಾರು ಏಳು ದಶಕಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಾಲ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಗೊಳಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ವಿರಳವಾದ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕವಾಗಿ ಬೀದಿಗಿಳಿದೂ ತಮ್ಮ ವಿರೋಧವನ್ನು ಪ್ರದರ್ಶಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ೧೯೭೫-೭೭ರ ತುರ್ತು ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿ, ೧೯೮೧-೮೨ರ ಕನ್ನಡ ಪ್ರಾಧಾನ್ಯತೆಗಾಗಿ ಗೋಕಾಕ ಚಳುವಳಿ, ಪ್ರಾ ಮ ಮ ಕಲಬುರ್ಗಿಯವರ ಹೃದಯ ವಿದ್ರಾವಕ ಹತ್ಯೆ, ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಕೋಮುವಾದ ಮತ್ತು ನಾಗರಿಕತೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿತ ವಿವಾದಗಳು ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಕೆಲವು ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗಳು. ಆಗೆಲ್ಲ ನನ್ನ ಅವ್ವ ಅವರ ಬೆನ್ನ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಸ್ಥಿರ ಸಂಗಾತಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದಳು.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಸ್ವತಃ ಅವಳು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಸಭೆ ಸಮಾರಂಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶ್ರೋತೃವಾಗಿದ್ದಳೇ ಹೊರತು ಮಂಚವೇರಿ ಭಾಷಣ ಬೀರಲು ಹಿಂಜರಿದಳು. ಆಡಂಬರ, ಪ್ರಚಾರ ಪಿಪಾಸೆ, ತನ್ನ ಸಾಧನೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಗರ್ವ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ಅವಳ ಹತ್ತಿರವೆಂದೂ ಸುಳಿಯಲಿಲ್ಲ.</div><div><br /></div><div>ಇಂಥ ತಾಯಿಯಿಂದ ಪ್ರಭಾವಿತರಾಗದೇ ಇರಲು ನಮಗೆಲ್ಲ ಹೇಗೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯ. ನಮ್ಮೊಳಗೆ ಅವಳಿಂದೂ ಜೀವಿಸಿದ್ದಾಳೆ ಎಂದು ನನಗನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.</div><div><br /></div></div>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-85778508069538864692021-05-18T22:42:00.017+05:302021-05-28T11:46:18.070+05:30Lasers - The benign third eye<p> </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Lasers: The benign third eye</span></b></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Shivanand Kanavi</b></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On May 16, 1960 Maiman demonstrated the Ruby Laser. Here is an excerpt from my book <b>"Sand to Silicon: The amazing story of digital technology"</b> on Lasers, their basic science and everyday applications outside of James Bond's Goldfinger and George Lukas' Starwars !</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ಸಮಸ್ತ ಕತ್ತಲೆಯ ಮಸಕವ ಕಳೆದಿಪ್ಪ ಇರವ ನೋಡಾ !</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ಬೆಳಗಿಗೆ ಬೆಳಗು ಸಿಂಹಾಸನವಾಗಿ,</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ಬೆಳಗು ಬೆಳಗ ಕೂಡಿದ ಕೂಟವ</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ಕೂಡಲಸಂಗಯ್ಯ ತಾನೆ ಬಲ್ಲ !</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--ಬಸವಣ್ಣ, 12th C </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation.”</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">—ALBERT EINSTEIN, in a letter to Michael Angelo Besso, November 1916</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4V0rEJ2oDTCVZMGqKiDGSWhDWs_gZ1kJZTOTW6syOrowuadJ5kxKnScAWUdpigdaD8QbmBDfgV2vLEq3Pr0VMpyWAflnfCuBKpIpgeIwXfx61v0jP-6Zer2rya5QqFdVtaFQ-jcVqvSs/s1840/Kumar+Patel+%252819%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1840" data-original-width="1232" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4V0rEJ2oDTCVZMGqKiDGSWhDWs_gZ1kJZTOTW6syOrowuadJ5kxKnScAWUdpigdaD8QbmBDfgV2vLEq3Pr0VMpyWAflnfCuBKpIpgeIwXfx61v0jP-6Zer2rya5QqFdVtaFQ-jcVqvSs/w428-h640/Kumar+Patel+%252819%2529.JPG" width="428" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); font-family: helvetica; font-size: x-small; white-space: pre-wrap;">C K N Patel in his lab in Los Angeles (2002)</span></div><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: xx-small;">Photo: Palashranjan Bhaumick</span></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In popular perception, lasers are still identified with their destructive potential—the apocalyptic ‘third eye’ of Shiva. It was no coincidence that the most powerful neodymium glass laser built for developing nuclear weapon technology at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the US (back in 1978) was named Shiva.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Villains used lasers in the 1960s to cut the vaults of Fort Knox in the James Bond movie, Goldfinger. In 1977 Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader had their deadly duels with laser swords in the first episode of Star Wars. As if to prove that life imitates art, Ronald Reagan poured millions of dollars in the 1980s, in a ‘ray gun’, a la comic-strip super-hero stories, with the aim of building the capability to shoot down Soviet nuclear missiles and satellites.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In our real, daily lives, lasers have crept in without much fanfare:</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• All sorts of consumer appliances, including audio and video CD players and DVD players use lasers.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Multimedia PCs are equipped with a CD-ROM drive which uses a laser device to read or write.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Light emitting diodes (LED)—country cousins of semiconductor lasers—light up digital displays and help connect office computers into local area networks.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• LED-powered pointers have become popular in their use with audiovisual presentations.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Who can forget the laser printer that has revolutionised publishing and brought desk top publishing to small towns in India?</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Laser range finders and auto-focus in ordinary cameras have made ‘expert photographers’ of us all.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• The ubiquitous TV remote control is a product of infrared light emitting diodes.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• The bar code reader, used by millions of sales clerks and storekeepers, and in banks and post offices, is one of the earliest applications of lasers.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• Almost all overseas telephone calls and a large number of domestic calls whiz through glass fibres at the speed of light, thanks to laser-powered communications.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">• The Internet backbone, carrying terabits (tera = a million million) of data, uses laser-driven optical networks. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.K.N. Patel won the prestigious National Medal of Science in the US in 1996 for his invention of the carbon dioxide laser, the first laser with high-power applications, way back in 1964 at Bell Labs. He says, “Modern automobiles have thousands of welds, which are made by robots wielding lasers. Laser welds make the automobile safer and lighter by almost a quintal. Even fabrics in textile mills and garment factories are now cut with lasers.” </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Narinder Singh Kapany, the inventor of fibre optics, was also the first to introduce lasers for eye surgery. He did this in the 1960s along with doctors at Stanford University. Today’s eye surgeons are armed with excimer laser scalpels that can make incisions less than a micron (thousandth of a millimetre) wide, on the delicate tissues of the cornea and retina.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>LASER BASICS</b></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So what are lasers, really? They produce light that has only one wavelength and a high directionality and is coherent. What do these things mean, and why are they important? Any source of light, man-made or natural, gives out radiation that is a mixture of wavelengths—be it a kerosene lantern, a wax candle, an electric bulb or the sun. Different wavelengths of light correspond to different colours.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When atoms fly around in a gas or vibrate in a solid in random directions, the light (photons) emitted by them does not have any preferred direction; the photons fly off in a wide angle. We try to overcome the lack of direction by using a reflector that can narrow the beam, as from torchlight, to get a strong directional beam. However, the best of searchlights used, say, outside a circus tent or during an air raid, get diffused at a distance of a couple of miles.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The intensity of a spreading source at a distance of a metre is a hundred times weaker than that at ten centimetres and a hundred million times weaker at a distance of one kilometre. Since there are physical limits to increasing the strength of the source, not to mention the prohibitive cost, we need a highly directional beam. Directionality becomes imperative for long-distance communications over thousands of kilometres..</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why do we need a single wavelength? When we are looking for artificial lighting, we don’t. We use fluorescent lamps (tube lights), brightly coloured neon signs in advertisements or street lamps filled with mercury or sodium. All of them produce a wide spectrum of light. But a single wavelength source literally provides a vehicle for communications. This is not very different from the commuter trains we use en masse for efficient and high-speed transportation. Understandably, telecom engineers call them ‘carrier waves’. In the case of radio or TV transmission, we use electronic circuits that oscillate at a fixed frequency. Audio or video signals are superimposed on these carrier channels, which then get a commuter ride to the consumer’s receiving set.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With electromagnetic communications, the higher the frequency of the carrier wave, the greater the amount of information that can be sent piggyback on it. Since the frequency of light is million times greater than that of microwaves, why not use it as a vehicle to carry our communications? It was this question that led to optical communications, where lasers provide the sources of carrier waves, electronics enables your telephone call or Internet data to ride piggyback on it, and thinner-than hair glass fibres transport the signal underground and under oceans.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We have to find ways to discipline an unruly crowd of excited atoms and persuade them to emit their photons in some order so that we obtain monochromatic, directional and coherent radiation. Lasers are able to do just that.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Why coherence? When we say a person is coherent in his expression, we mean that the different parts of his communication, oral or written, are connected logically, and hence make sense. Randomness, on the other hand, cannot communicate anything. It produces gibberish.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If we wish to use radiation for communications, we cannot do without coherence. In radio and other communications this was not a problem since the oscillator produced coherent radiation. But making billions of atoms radiate in phase necessarily requires building a new kind of source. That is precisely what lasers are.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Like many other ideas in modern physics, lasers germinated from a paper by Albert Einstein in 1917. He postulated that matter could absorb energy in discrete quanta if the size of the quantum is equal to the difference between a lower energy level and a higher energy level. The excited atoms, he noted, can come down to the lower energy state by emitting a photon of light spontaneously.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On purely theoretical considerations, Einstein made a creative leap by contending that the presence of radiation creates an alternative way of de-excitation, called stimulated emission. In the presence of a photon of the right frequency, an excited atom is induced to emit a photon of the exact same characteristics. Such a phenomenon had not yet been seen in nature.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stimulated emission is like the herd effect. For example, a student may be in two minds about skipping a boring lecture, but if he bumps into a couple of friends who are also cutting classes, then he is more likely to join the gang.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A most pleasant outcome of this herd behaviour is that the emitted photon has the same wavelength, direction and phase as the incident photon. Now these two photons can gather another one if they encounter an excited atom. We can thus have a whole bunch of photons with the same wavelength, direction, and phase. There is one problem, though; de-excited atoms may absorb the emitted photon, and hence there may not be enough coherent photons coming out of the system. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What if the coherent photons are made to hang around excited atoms long enough without exiting the system in a hurry? That will lead to the same photon stimulating more excited atoms. But how do you make photons hang around? You cannot slow them down. Unlike material particles like electrons, which can be slowed down or brought to rest, photons will always zip around with the same velocity (of light of course!)—300,000 km per second. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>THE BARBERSHOP SOLUTION</b></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Remember the barber’s shop, with mirrors on opposite walls showing you a large number of reflections? Theoretically, you could have an infinite number of reflections, as if light had been trapped between parallel facing mirrors. Similarly, if we place two highly polished mirrors at the two ends of our atomic oscillator, coherent photons will reflected back and forth, and we will get a sustainable laser action despite the usual absorptive processes.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">At the atomic level, of course, we need to go further than the barber’s shop. We need to adjust the mirrors minutely so that we can achieve resonance, i.e., when the incident and reflected photons match one another in phase, and standing waves are formed. Lo and behold, we have created a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser).</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the midst of disorderly behaviour we can see order being created by a laser. Physics discovered that the universe decays spontaneously into greater and greater disorder. If you are a stickler, ‘the entropy—measure of disorder—of an isolated system can only increase’. This is the second law of thermodynamics. So are we violating this law? Are we finally breaking out of thermodynamic tyranny? </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It should be noted, however, that the universe becomes interesting due to the creation of order. Evolution of life and its continuous reproduction is one of the greatest acts of creating order. However, rigorous analysis shows that even when order is created in one part of the universe, on the whole, disorder increases. Lasers are humanity’s invention of an order-creating system.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Charles Townes, a consultant at Bell Labs, first created microwave amplification through stimulated emission in 1953. He called the apparatus a maser. Later work by Townes and Arthur Schawlow at Bell Labs, and Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokharov in the Soviet Union led to the further development of laser physics. Townes, Basov and Prokharov were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work in 1964. Meanwhile, in 1960, Theodore Maiman, working at the Hughes Research Laboratory, had produced the first such instrument for visible light—hence the first laser—using a ruby crystal. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since then many lasing systems have been created. At Bell Labs C K N Patel did outstanding work in gas lasers and developed the carbon dioxide laser in 1964. This was the first high power continuous laser and since then it has been perfected for high power applications in manufacturing.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>THE SEMICONDUCTOR REVOLUTION IN LASERS</b></p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What made lasers become hi-tech mass products was the invention of semiconductor lasers in 1962 by researchers at General Electric, IBM, and the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. These researchers found that diode devices based on the semiconductor gallium arsenide convert electrical energy into light. They were highly efficient in their amplification, miniature in size and eventually inexpensive. These characteristics led to their immediate application in communications, data storage and other fields. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Today, the performance of semiconductor lasers has been greatly enhanced by using sandwiches of different semiconductor materials. Such ‘hetero-junction’ lasers can operate even at room temperature, whereas the older semiconductor lasers needed cooling by liquid nitrogen (to around -77 0C). Herbert Kroemer and Zhores Alferov were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 2000 for their pioneering work in hetero-structures in semiconductors. Today, various alloys of gallium, arsenic, indium, phosphorus and aluminium are used to obtain the best LEDs and lasers.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the hottest areas in semiconductor lasers is quantum well lasers, or cascade lasers. This area came into prominence with the development of techniques of growing semiconductors layer by layer using molecular beam epitaxy. Researchers use this technique to work like atomic bricklayers. They build a laser by placing a layer of a semiconductor with a particular structure and then placing another on top with a little bit of cementing material in between. By accurately controlling the thickness of these layers and their composition, researchers can adjust the band gaps in different areas. This technique is known as ‘band gap engineering’.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If the sandwich is thin enough, it acts as a quantum well for electrons. The electrons confined in this way lead to quantum systems called quantum wells (also known as particle in a box). The gap in the energy levels in such quantum wells can be controlled minutely and used for constructing a laser. Further, by constructing a massive club sandwich, as it were, we can have several quantum wells next to each other. The electron can make a stimulated emission of a photon by jumping to a lower level in the neighbouring well and then the next one and so on. This leads to a cascade effect like a marble dropping down a staircase. The system ends up emitting several photons of different wavelengths, corresponding to the quantum energy staircase. Frederico Capasso and his team built the first such quantum cascade laser at Bell Labs in 1994.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Once a device can be made from semiconductors, it becomes possible to miniaturise them while raising performance levels and reducing their price. That’s the pathway to mass production and use. This has happened in the case of lasers too.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We can leave the physics of lasers at this point and see how lasers are used in appliances of daily use: A bar-code reader uses a tiny helium-neon laser to scan the code. A detector built into the reader detects reflected light and the white-and black bars are then converted to a digital code that identifies the object.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A laser printer uses static electricity; that’s what makes your polyester shirt or acrylic sweater crackle sometimes. The drum assembly inside the laser printer is made of material that conducts when exposed to light. Initially, the rotating drum is given a positive charge. A tiny movable mirror reflects a laser beam on to the drum surface, thereby rendering certain points on the drum electrically neutral. A chip controls the movement of the mirror. The laser ‘draws’ the letters and images to be printed as an electrostatic image.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After the image is set, the drum is coated with positively charged toner (a fine, black powder). Since it has a positive charge, the toner clings to the discharged areas of the drum, but not to the positively charged ‘background’. The drum, with this powder pattern, rolls over a moving sheet of paper that has already been given a negative charge stronger than the negative charge of the image. The paper attracts the toner powder. Since it is moving at the same speed as the drum, the paper picks up the image exactly. To keep the paper from clinging to the drum, it is electrically discharged after picking up the toner. Finally, the printer passes the paper through a pair of heated rollers. As the paper passes through these rollers, the toner powder melts, fusing with the paper, which is why pages are always warm when they emerge from a laser printer.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Compact discs are modern avatars of the old vinyl long-playing records. Sound would be imprinted on the LPs by a needle as pits and bumps. When the needle in the turntable head went over the track, it moved in consonance with these indentations. The resultant vibrations were amplified mechanically to reproduce the sound we heard as music. Modern-day CDs and DVDs are digital versions of the old Edison’s phonograph. Sound or data is digitised and encoded in tiny black or white spots corresponding to ones and zeros. These spots are then embedded in tiny bumps that are 0.5 microns wide, 0.83 microns long and 0.125 micron high. The bumps are laid out in a spiral track much as in the vinyl record. A laser operating at a 0.780-micron wavelength lights up these spots and the reflected signal is then read by a detector as a series of ones and zeroes, which are translated into sound. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the case of DVDs, or digital versatile discs, the laser operates at an even smaller wavelength, and is able to read much smaller bumps. This allows us to increase the density of these bumps in the track on a DVD with more advanced compression and coding techniques. This means we can store much more information on a DVD than we can on a CD. A DVD can store several GB of information compared with the 800 MB of data a CD can store.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A CD is made from a substratum of polycarbonate imprinted with microscopic pits and coated with aluminium, which is then protected by a thin layer of acrylic. The incredibly small dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a CD almost five kilometres long! On DVDs, the track is almost twelve kilometres long.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">To read something this small you need an incredibly precise discreading mechanism. The laser reader in the CD or DVD player, which has to find and read the data stored as bumps, is an exceptionally precise device.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The fundamental job of the player is to focus the laser on the track of bumps. The laser beam passes through the polycarbonate layer, reflects off the aluminium layer, and hits an opto-electronic device that detects changes in light. The bumps reflect light differently than the rest of the aluminium layer, and the opto-electronic detector senses the change in reflectivity. The electronics in the drive interpret the changes in reflectivity in order to read the bits that make up the bytes. These are then processed as audio or video signals. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">With the turntables of yesterday’s audio technology, the vibrating needles would suffer wear and tear. Lasers neither wear themselves out nor scratch the CDs, and they are a thousand times smaller than the thinnest needle. That is the secret of high-quality reproduction and the high quantity of content that can be compressed into an optical disc. </p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.K.N. Patel recalls how, in the 1960s, the US defence department was the organisation that evinced the greatest interest in his carbon dioxide laser. “The launch of the Sputnik by the Soviet Union created virtual panic,” he says. “That was excellent, since any R&D project which</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the military thought remotely applicable to defence got generously funded.” ‘Peacenik’ Patel, who is passionate about nuclear disarmament, is happy to see that the apocalyptic ‘Third Eye’ has found peaceful applications in manufacturing and IT. Patel refuses to retire and is busy,</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in southern California, trying to find more applications of lasers for health and pollution problems.</p><p style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9); counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; cursor: text; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", "Fira Sans", Ubuntu, Oxygen, "Oxygen Sans", Cantarell, "Droid Sans", "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Lucida Grande", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">----------------------------------------------------</p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-45804874096304792802021-04-30T21:53:00.058+05:302021-05-01T12:04:43.597+05:30Roddam Narasimha Interview on Climate, Clouds etc Kannada<p>(This Kannada version of my original interview was translated by Amar Holegadde and published in Matukate 137 by Ninasam, Heggodu)</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>ತಾಪಮಾನ, ಮೋಡ, ಮಳೆ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ: ರೊದ್ದಂ ನರಸಿಂಹ ಸಂದರ್ಶನ </b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಸಂದರ್ಶಕ: ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ, </b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">ಕನ್ನಡಕ್ಕೆ: ಅಮರ ಹೊಳೆಗದ್ದೆ <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAfr3TVFTpIu77VTfFK-37L5LMdFY6by3wt5SlnrQb4LjXldy5BdIM0ZJffZrmZ9J1bPd7CUyAnOsC7lGkBwjX93FriC4-DY_56oEN0hDIZQAvkzIFAQ_VkdMziqqtDRuMMphOLAGinWI/s251/Roddam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="201" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAfr3TVFTpIu77VTfFK-37L5LMdFY6by3wt5SlnrQb4LjXldy5BdIM0ZJffZrmZ9J1bPd7CUyAnOsC7lGkBwjX93FriC4-DY_56oEN0hDIZQAvkzIFAQ_VkdMziqqtDRuMMphOLAGinWI/w320-h400/Roddam.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">(ಪ್ರೊ. ರೊದ್ದಂ ನರಸಿಂಹ (1933-2020) ಅವರು ನಮ್ಮ ನಾಡಿನ ಹೆಸರಾಂತ ವೈಮಾಂತರಿಕ್ಷ
ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿ. ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಮಟ್ಟದ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ ಮತ್ತು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧರಾಗಿದ್ದವರು.
ದ್ರವಚಲನ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಮಾನ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಪರಿಣತರು. ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ, ತತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಗಳ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಕುರಿತೂ ಅಪರೂಪದ ಬರಹಗಳನ್ನು ಇವರು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದು, ಅಂಥ ಒಂದು ಪುಸ್ತಕವು
ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲೂ ಪ್ರಕಟಗೊಂಡಿದೆ (ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ-ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ, ಅಕ್ಷರ ಪ್ರಕಾಶನ). ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು
ಉನ್ನತ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಸಂಶೋಧನ ಕೇಂದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಇವರು ಈಚಿನ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಡಗಳ ವಿಕಾಸ
ಮತ್ತು ಚಲನೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ವಿಶೇಷ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಯನ್ನು ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಸಂದರ್ಶನ ಈ ವಿಚಾರ ಕುರಿತದ್ದು.
ಈ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿನ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವು, ಭಾರತದ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಹಾಗು ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯನ್ನು ಅರಿಯಲು ತುಂಬ
ಸಹಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಸಂದರ್ಶಕರಾದ ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ ಅವರು ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನ ಮಾಜಿ ಉಪಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ
ನ್ಯಾಷನಲ್ ಇನ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಅಡ್ವಾನ್ಸ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಟಡೀಸ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೋಧಕರು. ಈ ಬರಹದ ಅನುವಾದಕ ಅಮರ
ಹೊಳೆಗದ್ದೆ ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ತುಮಕೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕನ್ನಡ ಎಂ.ಎ. ಓದುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಮೋಡಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದೆಡೆಗೆ ನೀವು ಆಕರ್ಷಿತರಾಗಲು ಕಾರಣವೇನು?
ಈ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಿಂದ ಇನ್ನೂ ಬಗೆಹರಿಯದೇ ಇರುವ ವಿಷಯಗಳು ಯಾವುವು? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ ನರಸಿಂಹ:</b> ಮೋಡಗಳ ಚಲನವಲನವು, ಇಂದು ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾಗಿರುವ ಎರಡು ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನಗಳ
ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿದೆ. ಮೊದಲನೆಯದ್ದು, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ. ಈ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯನ್ನು ಮುಂಗಾಣುವಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿದೊಡ್ಡ
ಅನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟತೆ ಎದುರಾಗುವುದೇ ಮೋಡಗಳ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ. ನೋಡಿ, ಹಸಿರುಮನೆ ಅನಿಲಗಳು ಹಾಗು ಇನ್ನಿತರ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ
ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲದಲ್ಲುಂಟಾಗುವ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳ ಕುರಿತು ಸಂಶೋಧಕರ ಅನೇಕ ಗುಂಪುಗಳು ವಿಶ್ವಾದ್ಯಂತ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ನಡೆಸಿವೆ.
ಆದರೆ, ಅವು ನುಡಿಯುವ ಭವಿಷ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೆಯಾಗದ ಸಂಗತಿಗಳೂ ಆಗೊಮ್ಮೆ ಈಗೊಮ್ಮೆ ಕಾಣ ಸಿಕೊಂಡಿವೆ.
ಕಳೆದ ಹತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳು ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಉದಾಹರಣೆ. ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ, ‘ಅವೆಲ್ಲಾ ಉಪಯೋಗಕ್ಕೆ ಬಾರದ
ಮಾದರಿಗಳು. ಅವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು ನೀವೆಲ್ಲ ಬರಿದೇ ದಿಗಿಲೆಬ್ಬಿಸುವ ಹೇಳಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೀರ.
ಕಳೆದ 10 ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಕಾವು ಏಕೆ ಏರಿಲ್ಲ ಎನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ನಿಮ್ಮಿಂದ ವಿವರಿಸಲಾಗಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದಮೇಲೆ,
ನಿಮ್ಮ ಯಾವ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನು ನಂಬುವುದಾದರೂ ಹೇಗೆ?’ ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಮಾಡುವ ಸಂಶಯವಾದಿಗಳು ಇದ್ದೇ ಇರುತ್ತಾರೆ.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಮೈಕಲ್ ಕ್ರೈಡನ್ ಎನ್ನುವವರು ಒಂದು ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದಾರೆ (ಸ್ಟೇಟ್
ಆಫ್ ಫಿಯರ್, 2004 - ಅನುವಾದಕ). ಇದರ ಅರ್ಧಭಾಗದಷ್ಟು ಅವರು, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಎಂಬ ವಿಚಾರವನ್ನೇ
ಕಟುವಾಗಿ ಟೀಕಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಓದಿದ್ದೀರಾ? ಕುತೂಹಲಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಹೌದು, ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಕುತೂಹಲ ಹುಟ್ಟಿಸತ್ತೆ ಅದು. ನಿಜ ಹೇಳಬೇಕು ಅಂದರೆ,
ಕೆಲವು ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಸಂಶಯವಾದಿಗಳೂ ಆಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ ವಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಧೋರಣೆ
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಚಾಲ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಅದು ಹೀಗಿದೆ - ‘ಕ್ಷಣ ಕ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಯಗಳು/ ಏರಿಳಿತಗಳು ಆಗಾಗ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತವೆ
ಎನ್ನುವುದೇನೋ ನಿಜ. ಆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಯಗಳನ್ನು ಮುಂಗಾಣಬಲ್ಲೆವು ಎಂದೇನು ನಾವು ವಾದಿಸುತ್ತ ಇಲ್ಲ.
ಆದರೆ, ಒಂದು ವ್ಯತ್ಯಯ ಉಂಟಾದ ಬಳಿಕ, ಏನು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ನಾವು ವಿವರಿಸಬಲ್ಲೆವು.
ಭೂಮಿಯ ತಾಪಮಾನ ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆಯಾಗಿ ಏರುವುದನ್ನಾಗಲಿ ಅಥವಾ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾಗುವುದನ್ನಾಗಲಿ ಈ ಕ್ಷಣ ಕ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಯವು
ತಡೆಹಿಡಿಯಲಾರದು’. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಭೂಮಿಯ ತಾಪಮಾನ ಏರುತ್ತಿರುವುದು ಖಚಿತವಾಗಿದೆಯೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಉತ್ತರ, ಈ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯನ್ನು ನೀವು ಯಾರಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಳುತ್ತೀರಿ
ಎನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ. ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಇದೊಂದು ಖಚಿತ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನ ಎಂದೇ ನಂಬಿದ್ದಾರೆ.
ವಿವರಣೆಯ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮಗಳನ್ನು ಮರೆತು, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವುದನ್ನೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸುಮ್ಮನೆ ಅವಲೋಕಿಸಿ ಎಂದು
ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ನೋಡಿ, ಆರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ್ನಲ್ಲಿ (ಉತ್ತರಧ್ರುವದಲ್ಲಿ) ಮಂಜುಗಡ್ಡೆಗಳು ಕರಗುತ್ತಾ ಇವೆ. ಇದನ್ನು
ಯಾರೂ ಅನುಮಾನಿಸಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ, ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳು ಅಷ್ಟು ಬಲವಾಗಿವೆ. ಇಲ್ಲ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ವೈಪರೀತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನೇ
ನೋಡಿ. ಅವು ಮರುಕಳಿಸುವುದು ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಲೇ ಇದೆ, ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಬಲವಾದ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳೂ ಇವೆ. ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಮಾದರಿಗಳು
ಏನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತವೆಯೋ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಸರಿಹೊಂದುತ್ತವೆ ಈ ವೈಪರೀತ್ಯಗಳು. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಅಂಶವನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಬೇಕು.
ಸರಾಸರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಿಂತ ವಿಪರೀತಗಳಲ್ಲುಂಟಾಗುವ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುತ್ತದೆ.
ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಒಂದು ಡಿಗ್ರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಣ್ಣಭಾಗದಷ್ಟು ಕಾವು ಏರುಪೇರಾದರೆ, ಅದು ಮಳೆಯ ಸರಾಸರಿ ಮೊತ್ತದ ಮೇಲೆ
ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬೀರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ, ಆ ಒಟ್ಟೂ ಕಾಲಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಅತಿವೃಷ್ಟಿ ಹಾಗು ಅನಾವೃಷ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು
ಅದು ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕಳೆದ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಮುಂಗಾರನ್ನು ನೀವು ಗಮನಿಸಿದರೆ, ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ
ಬಗೆಯ ವೈಪರೀತ್ಯವು ಮತ್ತೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತಲೇ ಇದೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ನಿಮಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿಯೇ,
ಭೂಮಿಯ ತಾಪಮಾನ ಏರಿಕೆನ್ನು ಕಡೆಗಣ ಸುವುದು ಅಪಾಯಕಾರಿ ಎಂದು ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಎಚ್ಚರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಹೀಗಿದ್ದೂ, ನಾನು ಆಗಲೇ ಹೇಳಿದ ಹಾಗೆ, ಈ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವನ್ನು ಅಲ್ಲಗಳೆಯುವವರೂ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ, ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು
ಹೆಸರಾಂತ ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳೂ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ. ಕಣವಿ: ಭೂವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು, ಕಡಲುವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಏನು ಹೇಳ್ತಾರೆ
ಇದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ..? ರೊದ್ದಂ: ನನ್ನ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಬಹುತೇಕ ಭೂವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಈ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನ ವಾಸ್ತವ ಎಂದು
ಮನವರಿಕೆ ಆಗಿದೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಹಾಗಾದರೆ, ಯಾರಿಗೆ ಮನವರಿಕೆ ಆಗಿಲ್ಲ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಉದ್ಯಮಪತಿಗಳಿಗೆ! <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳ ಸಮುದಾಯದಲ್ಲಿ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳ ಸಮುದಾಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳ ಸಣ್ಣ ಗುಂಪಿದೆ. ಅವರು
ಬಹಳ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟರು ಆದರೆ ಈ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಸಂದೇಹಪಡುವವರು. ಏನೂ ಅರಿಯದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳವರು ಎಂದು
ನಾನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ. ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ಅವರು ಮಾಡುವ ರೀತಿಯಿದೆಯಲ್ಲ, ಅದು ಅವರನ್ನು ಈ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ
ಸಂದೇಹವಾದಿಗಳನ್ನಾಗಿಸಿದೆ. ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ, ಹೌದು ಅಥವಾ ಇಲ್ಲ
ಎಂಬ ಎರಡೇ ಉತ್ತರಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಖಚಿತ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ಬೇಡುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಭೂಮಿಯ ತಾಪಮಾನ ಏರಿಕೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ಅವರ ಸಂದೇಹವನ್ನು ಅವರ ಮಾತುಗಳಲ್ಲೇ ವಿವರಿಸುವುದಾದರೆ - ‘ಹವಾಮಾನ
ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಯಾವ ಖಚಿತ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಹವಾಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಏರಿಳಿತಗಳು ಯಾವತ್ತಿಗೂ ಇದ್ದದ್ದೇ.
ಇದು ತಿಳಿದ ವಿಚಾರವೇ. ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶೇಷ ಏನೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಇನ್ನು, ಈ ಏರಿಳಿತದ ಗುಣವು ಮಹತ್ತರವಾಗಿ ಬದಲಾಗಿದೆ
ಎನ್ನುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಯಾವ ನಿಖರ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳಿಲ್ಲ’. ಆದರೆ, ಹವಾಮಾನದ ವಿಪರೀತಗಳನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸುವವರು ಹೇಳುವ
ಮಾತೇ ಬೇರೆ. ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳು ಬಲಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಲೇ ಇವೆ ಎಂದವರು ವಾದಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಹತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆ
ಇದ್ದದ್ದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಈಗ ಸಾಕ್ಷ್ಯಗಳು ಬಲವಾಗಿವೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಸರಿ. ಆದರೆ ಈ ನಿರ್ಣಯವು, ಕಳೆದ 100 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂಬಲರ್ಹವಾದ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನಷ್ಟೇ
ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ ತಾನೆ? </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ: </b>ನೀವು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು ನಿಜ. ಅದೇ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯಾಗಿರುವುದು. ವಾದ, ಪ್ರತಿವಾದ
ಹೀಗೆ ಮುಂದುವರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೂ, ಮೋಡದ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲರು ಏಕಾಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಹವಾಮಾನದ
ಮಾದರಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ಅಂಶವು ಅತಿದೊಡ್ಡ ಅನಿಶ್ಚಿತತೆಯನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡಬಲ್ಲದು? ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ನಿಸ್ಸಂಶಯವಾಗಿ
ಮೋಡಗಳು ಎಂದು ಉತ್ತರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಅದರಲ್ಲೂ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ, ಮೋಡಗಳ ಹಾಗು ಕಿರಣಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ಅಂತರ್-ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳೇನಿವೆ
ಅವು ಅನಿಶ್ಚಿತವಾಗಿವೆ, ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾಗಿಯೂ ಇವೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ಹಗಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಡಕವಿದಿದ್ದರೆ ಹವಾಮಾನ
ತುಸು ಹೆಚ್ಚೇ ತಂಪಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ಸೂರ್ಯನ ಕಿರಣಗಳನ್ನು ಮೋಡಗಳು ಹಿಂದಕ್ಕೆ ಪುಟಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ
ಆ ಕಿರಣಗಳು ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಸರಿಯಾದ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ತಲುಪಲಾರವು. ಆದರೆ, ಮೋಡಕವಿದ ಇರುಳು ತುಸು ಹೆಚ್ಚೇ
ಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಏಕೆ? ರಾತ್ರಿ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸೂರ್ಯನೇನು ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ, ಭೂಮಿಯಿಂದ ಹೊಮ್ಮುವ
ಉಷ್ಣ-ಕಿರಣ (ಇನ್ಫ್ರಾರೆಡ್ ಕಿರಣ) ಮೋಡಗಳಿಂದ ಮರಳಿ ಹಿಂದಕ್ಕೆ ಪುಟಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಮೋಡಕವಿದ
ಇರುಳು ಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿದ್ದರೆ, ಮೋಡಕವಿದ ಹಗಲು ತಂಪಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಮೋಡಗಳು ಕಿರಣದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಯಾವ ಬಗೆಯ ಅಂತರ್-ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ
ತೊಡಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಇದು ಉತ್ತಮ ನಿದರ್ಶನವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇನ್ನೂ ಹಲವು ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳಿವೆ. ಒಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ,
ಇಂಥಾ ಅಂತರ್-ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳೇ ಅನಿಶ್ಚಿತತೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಾರಣ ಎನ್ನಬಹುದು. ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಕುರಿತು
ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಈ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ವಿಶ್ವದಾದ್ಯಂತ ಈಗ ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಲೇ ಇದೆ. ಕಳೆದ 20 ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ
ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಮಾದರಿಯ ಹವಾಮಾನವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ತೀರ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನವರೆಗೂ
ಮುಂಗಾರು ಎಂದರೆ ಹಲವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಎಂದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಆದರೆ ಈಗ, ‘ಭಾರತೀಯ ಮುಂಗಾರು’ ಎಂದು
ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸುವ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶ ಉಂಟಾಗಿದೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ಈಗ ‘ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ ಮುಂಗಾರು’,
‘ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾದ ಮುಂಗಾರು’; ಹೀಗೆ ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ಮುಂಗಾರುಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ, ಅವೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಭಾರತೀಯ
ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಹೋಲಬೇಕೆಂದೇನಿಲ್ಲ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಮುಂಗಾರು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಉಪಖಂಡಕ್ಕಷ್ಟೇ ಸೀಮಿತವೇ? ಅಥವಾ, ಏಷಿಯಾದ ಇನ್ನಿತರ
ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಅದು ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆಯೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಬೇರೆ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಇವೆ ಆದರೆ, ಅವುಗಳ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಕಡಿಮೆ. ಮುಂಗಾರು
ಎನ್ನುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಈಗ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅರ್ಥವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ ಇರುವ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನವೊಂದು ಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ. ಮುಂಗಾರು ಎಂದರೆ
ಗಾಳಿಯ ಪರಿಚಲನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ಷಿಪ್ರ ಸ್ಥಿತ್ಯಂತರ ಆಗುವುದು. ಸ್ವಿಚ್ ಆಗುವುದು. (ಯಾವುದರ ಪರಿಚಲನೆಯು
ಸ್ವಿಚ್ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ರೊದ್ದಂ ಅವರು ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ ಪಡಿಸಿಲ್ಲ. ಗಾಳಿಯದ್ದೇ ಇರಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಸಂದರ್ಶನದ
ಮುಂದಿನ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಓದಿ ಭಾವಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ - ಅನುವಾದಕ). ಈ ಕ್ಷಿಪ್ರ ಸ್ಥಿತ್ಯಂತರವು ವರ್ಷದ ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ
ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ ಹಾಗು, ಪ್ರತಿವರ್ಷವೂ ಅದೇ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದೊಂದು ಆವರ್ತನ. ಭಾರತದ
ನೈರುತ್ಯ ಮುಂಗಾರುವಿನ ಕುರಿತು ಹೇಳುವುದಾದರೆ, ಮೇ ತಿಂಗಳ ಕೊನೆ ಅಥವಾ, ಜೂನ್ ತಿಂಗಳ ಶುರುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ
ಪರಿಚಲನೆಯು ಆರಂಭಗೊಂಡರೆ ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು ಸಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ್ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂತ್ಯಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವು,
ನೆಲ ಹಾಗು ಕಡಲಿನ ನಡುವಿನ ತಾಪಮಾನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾಗಿ ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಗಾಳಿ ಪರಿಚಲನೆಯು
ಋತುಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಸ್ವಿಚ್ ಆಗುವುದೇ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಎಂದು 6 ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಿಸಿದರೆ, ಈ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು ಒಂದಕ್ಕಿಂತ
ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಬಾರಿ ಘಟಿಸುವುದನ್ನು ನಾವು ಮನಗಾಣಬಲ್ಲೆವು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಈ ಒಟ್ಟೂ ಗಾಳಿಯ ಪರಿಚಲನೆ ಏನಿದೆ, ಅದು ತೇವಾಂಶವನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತು ತಂದಲ್ಲಿ
ಮಳೆ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದಿರಿ. ಅದು ಕಡಲಿನ ಕಡೆಯಿಂದ ಬೀಸಿದಾಗ ತೇವಾಂಶವನ್ನು
ಹೊತ್ತುತರುತ್ತದೆ, ಇದರಿಂದ ಮಳೆಯೂ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ಭಾರತದಂಥ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಬಿಸುಪಿನ ಅಲೆಯನ್ನು
ಹೊರತುಪಡಿಸಿದರೆ, ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶವೋ, ಗಾಳಿಯೋ ಆಸಕ್ತಿಯ ವಿಷಯ ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಏನಿದ್ದರೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು
ಗಮನಿಸಬೇಕಾದ ವಿಷಯ ಮಳೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಕಾಂಬೋಡಿಯ, ವಿಯಟ್ನಾಂ, ಲಾವೋಸ್ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿದರೆ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಅವೆಲ್ಲಾ ಏಷಿಯಾದ ಆಗ್ನೇಯ ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳು. ಇಲ್ಲಿದು ಅಲ್ಲಿಗೂ
ಅನ್ವಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ನೀವು ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ವಾಸಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆ, ಮಳೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಮುಖ್ಯ ವಿಷಯವೇ
ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಪ್ರತಿದಿನವೂ ಮಳೆ ಸುರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ತುಂತುರು ಮಳೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ,
ಅವರು ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶದ ಕುರಿತು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ತಲೆಕೆಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾವ್ಯಾರೂ ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶದ ಕುರಿತು
ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಚಿಂತಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ವಾತಾವರಣವು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುತೇಕ ಬೆಚ್ಚಗೇ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ
ಅನಿಶ್ಚಿತವಾಗಿರುವುದು ಮಳೆ. ಮಳೆಯನ್ನು ಮುಂಗಾಣುವುದು ಇದೆಯಲ್ಲ ಅದು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಕಷ್ಟಕರವಾದದ್ದು. ಮಳೆಗಿಂತ
ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶ ಹಾಗು ಗಾಳಿ ಬೀಸುವುದನ್ನು ಮುಂಗಾಣಬಹುದು. ಮಳೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಸ್ಥಳ ಹಾಗು ಕಾಲ
ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ನಮ್ಮ ಅನುಭವ ತೋರಿಸಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಮಲ್ಲೇಶ್ವರಂನಲ್ಲಿ
ಮಳೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೂ ಅದೇ ನಗರದ ಹಳೆ ಏಪೆರ್Çೀರ್ಟ್ ರಸ್ತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅದೇ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಳೆ ಇಲ್ಲದೇ
ಇರಬಹುದು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಮಳೆಯು ಸ್ಥಳ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವೂ, ಕಾಲ ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವೂ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ
ಲೆಕ್ಕಗಳು ಮುಗಿದು ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಳೆ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಇಲ್ಲವೋ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿಸುವ ಹಂತವಿದೆಯಲ್ಲ, ಅದು ದುಸ್ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದದ್ದು.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ತೇವಾಂಶ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುತ್ತದೆ. ಅದನ್ನು ನಾವು ಅಳೆಯಬಲ್ಲೆವು.
ಯಾವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಹನಿಬೀಳುತ್ತದೆ (ತೇವವು ಹನಿಗೊಳ್ಳುವುದು - ಕಂಡನ್ಸೇಶನ್. ಹನಿಯು ಭುವಿಗೆ
ಬೀಳುವುದು - ಪ್ರೆಸಿಪಿಟೇಶನ್. - ಅನುವಾದಕ) ? ಅನಿಶ್ಚಿತತೆಗೆ ಈ ಅರಿವಿನ ಕೊರತೆಯೇ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಕಾರಣವೇ?
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಹೌದು. ಯಾವ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ, ಎಷ್ಟರಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಹಾಗು ಎಲ್ಲಿ ತೇವಾಂಶವು
ಹನಿಬೀಳುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸುವುದು ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಅಂಶವೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಹನಿಬೀಳುವುದರ ಕುರಿತು ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳನ್ನು
ಕೇಳಿದರೆ, ಇದರ ನಿಯಮವನ್ನು ನಾವು ಬಲ್ಲೆವು ಹಾಗು ಇದನ್ನು 100 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆಯೇ ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿಯಲಾಗಿತ್ತು
ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿಯಾರು. ಪ್ರತಿ ಒತ್ತಡದ ಅಂಕಿಗೂ, ಆವಿಯು ಹನಿಯಾಗಲು ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶವಿರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಆದರೆ, ಮೋಡಗಳ ಹುಟ್ಟನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸಲು ಈ ನಿಯಮವಷ್ಟೇ ಸಾಕಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಮುಂಗಾರಿನಲ್ಲಿ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು
ಹಾಗು ಭಾರತದ ಬಹುಪಾಲು ಭಾಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುವ ಹೇರಿದ/ಕುಪ್ಪೆ ಮೋಡಗಳು ನಿಜಕ್ಕೂ ಹರಿವಿನ ಮೋಡಗಳೇ
ಆಗಿವೆ. ಇವು ನೆಲದ ಮೇಲಿನಿಂದಲೇ ರೂಪುಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತ ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಈ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯು
ಉಷ್ಣ ಚಲನವಿಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನಷ್ಟೇ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ, ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಚಲನವಿಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನೂ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ.
ಅಂದರೆ, ಉಷ್ಣ ಹಾಗು ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಚಲನವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಿಂದ ಈ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ,
ಸ್ಥೂಲವಾಗಿ ನಾವು ಹೀಗೆ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು - ಮೋಡ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯ ಕೆಲಸ ನೆಲದ ಮೇಲಣ ಉಷ್ಣ ವಲಯದಿಂದಲೇ ಆರಂಭವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ಬಿಸಿಯಾದ ಎಲರು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಗಿ, ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ತೇವಾಂಶವಿದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೋ ಒಂದು ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಹನಿಗೊಳ್ಳುವ
ಉಷ್ಣಾಂಶವನ್ನದು ತಲುಪಿ, ಹನಿಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಅದು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ತೂಕಗೊಂಡಾಗ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಬೀಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲವೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ: </b>ಇಲ್ಲ ಇಲ್ಲ, ಅದು ಒಮ್ಮೆಲೆ ತನ್ನ ತೂಕವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮೋಡಗಳು ಮಳೆ ತರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಗಾಳಿಯ ಬೀಸು ತಕ್ಕಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಬಲವಾಗೇ ಇದ್ದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು ಆ ಹನಿಗಳನ್ನು
ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಕೊಂಡೊಯ್ಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಹನಿಗೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಸಾಗುತ್ತ ಒಂದು ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಷ್ಟೂ
ಆವಿಯು ನೀರಿನ ಹನಿಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಮಳೆಯಾಗಿ ಸುರಿಯಲು ಹನಿಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಬೇಕು. ತನ್ನ ತೂಕದಿಂದಲೇ
ನೆಲಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಳುವಷ್ಟು ದೊಡ್ಡದು. ಸಣ್ಣದಾಗಿದ್ದ ಪಕ್ಷದಲ್ಲಿ ಹನಿಗಳು ನೆಲಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ಗಾಳಿಯು
ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ತನ್ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಒಯ್ಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಹನಿಗಳು ಹಿರಿದಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಅವು, 8 ಮೊಡದೊಳಗಿನ ಗಾಳಿಯ
ಮೇಲ್ಚಲನೆಯ ಶಕ್ತಿಗೆ ಎದುರಾಗಿ, ಮೀರಿ ಕೆಳಕ್ಕೆ ಬೀಳುತ್ತವೆ. ಇನ್ನು, ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಇಡಿಯಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗದ
ಹಲವು ಅಂಶಗಳು ಮಳೆಯ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ಮೋಡಗಳು ಹಾಗು ಅದರ ಹೊರಗಿನ
ಗಾಳಿಯ ನಡುವಿನ ಅಂತರ್-ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯೇನಿದೆ, ಅದನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಯುವುದು ಬಹಳ ದುಸ್ತರ. ಈಗ ನೋಡಿ, ಒಳಗೆ ತೇವಾಂಶವುಳ್ಳ
ಗಾಳಿಯಿದೆ ಹಾಗು ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊರಗಿನ ಗಾಳಿಯನ್ನು ಒಳಕ್ಕೆ ಹಾಯಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸೋಣ.
ತೇವಾಂಶವು ಹನಿಯಾಗಿ ಬದಲಾಗಿದ್ದರು ಕೂಡ, ಈ ಹೊರಗಿನ ಒಣ ಗಾಳಿಯು ಮೋಡವನ್ನು ತೆಳುಗೊಳಿಸಿಬಿಡುತ್ತದೆ.
ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಮೋಡಗಳಾಗುವುದು, ಹನಿಬೀಳುವುದು; ಇವೆಲ್ಲ ಇನ್ನೂ ಬಗೆಹರಿಯದ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳಾಗಿಯೇ ಉಳಿದಿವೆ.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಮೋಡಗಳ ಒಳಗಿರುವ ತೇವದ ಗಾಳಿಯು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಗುತ್ತ ಹಿಮಗಟ್ಟುತ್ತದೆ.
ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಆಲಿಕಲ್ಲು ಅಥವಾ ಹಿಮಹರಳುಗಳು ರೂಪುಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆಯೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಸ್ತರ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳು ಉಂಟಾಗಬಹುದು. ಆವಿಯಿಂದ ದ್ರವ್ಯವಾಗುವುದು
ಒಂದು. ದ್ರವ್ಯದಿಂದ ಘನವಸ್ತುವಾಗುವುದು ಇನ್ನೊಂದು. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಬಾರಿ ಸ್ತರ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಆಗುತ್ತಲೂ
ಮೋಡದೊಳಗೆ ಹರಿವಿನ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ಈ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದಿಷ್ಟು ಕಾವನ್ನು
ಒಮ್ಮೆಲೇ ಆ ಹರಿವಿಗೆ ಉಣ ಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನಾನು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತ ಬಂದಿರುವ ವಿಷಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ವಿಚಾರವೂ
ಒಂದು. ಸರಿಯಾದ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಕಾವನ್ನು, ಸರಿಯಾದ ಜಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಆ ಹರಿವಿಗೆ ಉಣ ಸಿದರೆ ಏನಾಗುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು
ತಿಳಿಯುವುದು. ಈ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ, ಹರಿವು ಮೋಡದಂತೆ ಕಾಣುವ ಹಾಗೆ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ: </b>ನೀವು ವಿವರಿಸಿದ ಈ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನ, ಉಷ್ಣ ಹಾಗು ದ್ರವ್ಯ ಚಲನವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ
ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ಮಾತನಾಡಿದ್ದಿರಲ್ಲ, ಅದನ್ನೇ ಸೂಚಿಸುತ್ತದೆಯೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಹೌದು. ಆದರೆ, ಸರಿಯಾದ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾವನ್ನು ಉಣ ಸಬೇಕು. ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳ
ಆಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ನನ್ನ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ಏನೆಂದರೆ, ನೀರು, ಎಣ್ಣೆ, ಪಾದರಸ ಮುಂತಾದ ಯಾವುದೇ ದ್ರವ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಡದ
ಹರಿವನ್ನು ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಬಹುದು, ಮೋಡವು ರಚನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿರುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯನ್ನು, ಅಂದರೆ, ಪುಕ್ಕದ ಆಕೃತಿಯೊಂದು
ಮೂಡುತ್ತಿರುವುದನ್ನು ನೋಡಬಹುದು. 9 ಆದರೆ ಒಂದು ಷರತ್ತಿದೆ; ಉಣ ಸುವ ಕಾವಿನ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವು ಆ ದ್ರವ್ಯದ
ಹರಿವಿನ ಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಅನುಪಾತದಲ್ಲಿರಬೇಕು. ಇದನ್ನು ನೀವು ಸಾಧಿಸಿದಿರೋ,
ಬಾನಿನಲ್ಲಾಗುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಗೆ ತೀರ ಹತ್ತಿರವಾದ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವನ್ನು ನೀವು ಕಾಣಬಲ್ಲಿರಿ. ನೀರಿನ ಹನಿಗಳ
ಮೋಡವು ಕೂಡ, ಆ ಪುಕ್ಕದ ಆಕೃತಿಯೊಂದು ಮೂಡುತ್ತದಲ್ಲ, ಅದರ ಒಂದು ವಿಶೇಷ ಬಗೆಯೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ನಮ್ಮ
ತೀರ್ಮಾನ. ನಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಮೋಡವೊಂದು ಆ ಪುಕ್ಕದ ಆಕೃತಿಯ ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕ ಹಂತ. ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಸೀಮಿತ ಜೀವಿತಾವಧಿ
ಇದೆ. ನಾನು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತ ಬಂದಿದ್ದೇನೆ.
ಅದು ಬಹಳ ಮೋಜಿನ ಕೆಲಸ, ತುಂಬ ಖುಷಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ನಾವು ದಿನನಿತ್ಯ ಏನೆಲ್ಲ ನೋಡುತ್ತೇವೆ, ಯಾವೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನು
ಬೆರಗಿನಿಂದ ಕಾಣುತ್ತೇವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರೀತಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ ಅವೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನು ನಾವಿನ್ನೂ ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡಿಲ್ಲ
ಎಂಬ ವಿಷಯ ಬಹಳಷ್ಟು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಆಶ್ಚರ್ಯಕರ ಸಂಗತಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಮೋಡಗಳ ರಚನೆಯು ಅವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಿತವಾದದ್ದು, ಚಿಟ್ಟೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಗಾದದ್ದು,
ಸಿಕ್ಕಾಪಟ್ಟೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿರದ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡದ್ದು; ಹೀಗೆ ಕಾರಣಗಳನ್ನೊಡ್ಡಿ ಅವುಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನೇ
ಕೈಚೆಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾರಲ್ಲ ಬಹಳಷ್ಟು ಮಂದಿ. (ಚಿಟ್ಟೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮ - ಇದು ಅವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತದ --ಖೇಯಾಸ್
ಥಿಯರಿ, ಪಾರಿಭಾಷಿಕ ಪದ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಕೊನೆಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳು ಮೊದಲ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಎಷ್ಟು
ಅವಂಬಿಸಿರುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದರೆ, ಮೊದಲ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳಲ್ಲುಂಟಾಗುವ ಅತಿಸಣ್ಣ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯು ಕೊನೆಯ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು
ನೆಲಬಾನಂತರದಷ್ಟು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿಬಿಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಈ ಪರಿಣಾಮವನ್ನೇ ಚಿಟ್ಟೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ
- ಅನುವಾದಕ). <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ನೀವು ಗುರುತಿಸಿದ್ದು ನಿಜ. ಮೋಡಗಳ ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ 1960ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ
ಶುರುವಾಯಿತು. ಬಹಳ ಸರಳವಾದ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲಾಯಿತು. ದುರಾದೃಷ್ಟವಶಾತ್, 1970ರ ದಶಕಕ್ಕೆ ಬರುವ
ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ, ಆ ಸರಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು ಮೋಡಗಳಂತೆ ವರ್ತಿಸುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ಮನಗಾಣಲಾಯಿತು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ, ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ
ಮೋಡದ ಹರಿವನ್ನು ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳು ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾದವು. ಆದರೆ, ಸಂಶೋಧಕರು ಎಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದರೋ
ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ನಾವು ಅಧ್ಯಯನವನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರಿಸಿದೆವು. 10 1980ರಲ್ಲಿ, ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ
ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ (ಐ.ಐ.ಎಸ್ಸಿ) ನನ್ನ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳ ಕೂಡೆ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಯೋಗಕ್ಕೆ ಕೈಹಾಕಿದೆ. ಜಿ ಎಸ್
ಭಟ್ ಆ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲಿಗನಾಗಿದ್ದ (ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ಅವರು ಐ.ಐ.ಎಸ್ಸಿಯ ಸಿಎಓಎಸ್ ವಿಭಾದಲ್ಲಿ
ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕರು). ಆ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊರಗೆಡವಿತು. ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಮೊದಲ್ಗೊಂಡು ಇಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೂ
ನಾನು ಒಂದಲ್ಲಾ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಡಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿರುವೆ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಬಾರಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ ನಡೆಸಿದಾಗಲೂ,
ಮೋಡವನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಹರಿವಿನ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಗೆ ನಾವು ಮತ್ತಷ್ಟು ಹತ್ತಿರ ಬರುತ್ತಲೇ ಇದ್ದೇವೆ. ನಮ್ಮ ನೀರಿನ
ತೊಟ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲೀಗ ಮೋಡದ ಹಲವು ಪ್ರಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಮರುಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಬಹುದಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಹಂತ, ಹಲವು ಜನರನ್ನು ಇತ್ತ
ಗಮನ ಹರಿಸುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡಿದೆ. ಸದ್ಯ ನನ್ನ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ, ಆ ಎಲ್ಲದರ ವಿವರಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ತರಿಸುವುದು.
ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು, ಅಂದರೆ, ಆವಿ, ಹನಿಗೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳನ್ನು
ಮರುಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸುವುದು ಇದೆಯಲ್ಲ, ಅದು ಬಹಳ ಕಷ್ಟದ ಕೆಲಸ. ಪ್ರಯೋಗಾಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಣ ಗೊಳಿಸುವ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ
ಬಹಳ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿರಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲವಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ, ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಆ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಎದುರಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
ಒಂದು ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಿಂದ, ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸುವುದರಿಂದ ನನಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಸಿಗಲಿದೆ. ಸೂಪರ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ನ
ವೇಗಕ್ಕೆ ನನಗೆ ಪ್ರವೇಶ ದೊರೆತಿರಬೇಕಷ್ಟೆ. ಸದ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ನಾವು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಡಗಳ ಪ್ರತ್ಯನುಕರಣೆಯನ್ನು
(ಸಿಮುಲೇಶನ್) ಮಾಡುತ್ತಲಿದ್ದೇವೆ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ನೀವು ಯಾವ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಲಿದ್ದೀರಿ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಅದೊಂದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ. ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಸಿಎಸ್ಐಆರ್ ಫೋರ್ತ್ ಪ್ಯಾರಡಾಯ್ಮ್
ಇನ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ (ಸಿಎಸ್ಐಆರ್ - 4ಪಿಐ) (ಈ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ ಹಳೆಯ ಹೆಸರು ಸಿಎಂಎಂಎಸಿಎಸ್ - ಸಿಎಸ್ಐಆರ್
ಸೆಂಟರ್ ಫಾರ್ ಮ್ಯಾಥಮಾಟಿಕಲ್ ಮಾಡೆಲಿಂಗ್ ಆಂಡ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಸಿಮ್ಯುಲೇಶನ್) ಒಂದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್
ಅನ್ನು ತರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನು ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಲೆಕ್ಕಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ, ಅದೂ ಈವಾಗ ಸಾಕಾಗುತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ.
ಪೂಣೆಯ ಐಐಟಿಎಂ (ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ ಇನ್ಸ್ಟಿಟ್ಯೂಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಟ್ರಾಪಿಕಲ್ ಮೆಟೆರಾಲಜಿ) ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಶಕ್ತಿಯುತವಾದ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರೊಂದಿದೆ.
ಐಐಎಸ್ಸಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರೇ ಎಂಬ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಇದೆ. ಇವೆರಡರಲ್ಲೂ ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಲೆಕ್ಕಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುತೆ ್ತೀನೆ.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ನನ್ನದೊಂದು ತರಲೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಇದೆ. ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ, ಸುದೀರ್ಘ ಪರಂಪರೆಯುಳ್ಳ
ಪಂಚಾಂಗ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಇದೆ. ಹವಾಮಾನದ ಆಗುಹೋಗುಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲೂ ಅದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದೇ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕಾಗಿ
ಅದು ಕೃಷಿ ಆರ್ಥಿಕತೆಗೆ ಬಹಳ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಅನಿಸಿದೆ. ಭಾರತೀಯ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಯಿಂದ ಕಳೆದ 100 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ನಂಬಲರ್ಹ
ಮಾಹಿತಿಯು ಈಗ ದೊರೆಯುವುದರಿಂದ, ಹವಾಮಾನದ ವಾಸ್ತವಾಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಪಂಚಾಂಗದ ಭವಿಷ್ಯತ್-ವಾಣ ಯೊಂದಿಗೆ
ಹೋಲಿಸಿ ನೋಡಬಹುದಲ್ಲವೇ? ಅವೆರಡರ ನಡುವಿನ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಹಾಗು ಪಂಚಾಂಗ ನುಡಿಯುವ ಕಣ ಯ ನಿಖರತೆಯನ್ನು ಒರೆಗೆ
ಹಚ್ಚಬಹುದಲ್ಲ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಮಳೆಯನ್ನು ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿಟ್ಟು ನೋಡುವುದಾದರೆ, ಅವೆರಡರ ನಡುವಿನ ಸಂಬಂಧ
ಬಹಳ ಶಿಥಿಲವೆಂದೇ ಹೇಳಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ ಕೊಡುತ್ತೇನೆ. ಮೈಸೂರು ಅರಸು ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ,
ಮಹಾರಾಜರ ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹದಿಂದ ಒಂಟಿಕೊಪ್ಪಲು ಪಂಚಾಂಗವನ್ನು ರಚಿಸಲಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಆದರೆ, ಪಂಚಾಂಗವು ರೇಖಾಂಶವನ್ನು
ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದ್ದು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಆ ಪಂಚಾಂಗವು ಇಡೀ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕಕ್ಕೆ ನಿಖರವಾಗಿ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯೇ ಇರದು.
ಹೀಗೆಂದ ಮಾತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ, ಪಂಚಾಂಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ಜ್ಞಾನವೂ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದೇನಲ್ಲ. ಮಳೆಗಾಲವು ಗಾಲಿಯುರುಳಿನಂತೆ
ಮರುಕಳಿಸುವಂಥದ್ದು ಎಂಬ ತಿಳಿವು ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿತ್ತು. ವರ್ಷ (12 ತಿಂಗಳ ಅವಧಿ) ಪದದ ಮೂಲ ಅರ್ಥ ಮಳೆ
ಎನ್ನುವುದೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಮಳೆಯು ಋತುಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿರುವಂಥದ್ದು - ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೊಮ್ಮೆ ಬರುವಂಥದ್ದು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ,
12 ತಿಂಗಳ ಅವಧಿಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಪದವೂ, ಮಳೆಯನ್ನು ಸೂಚಿಸುವ ಪದವೂ ಒಂದೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಮಳೆಯು ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು
ಮೂರರಿಂದ ನಾಲ್ಕು ತಿಂಗಳು ಇರುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬ ಸ್ಥೂಲ ತಿಳಿವೂ ಪಂಚಾಂಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿತ್ತು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಅಲ್ಲದೆ, ಆ ಆವರ್ತನಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಹಲವು ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.
ಮಳೆಗಾಲದ ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ಹಂತಗಳಿಗೆ ಬೇರೆಬೇರೆ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಹೌದು. ಅದು ಸತತ ಅನುಭವದಿಂದ ಪಡೆದ ಜ್ಞಾನ. ಸರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ ಕೂಡ. ಆದರೆ,
ಪ್ರದೇಶದಿಂದ ಪ್ರದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ ಅದು ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಐಐಎಸ್ಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಯೋಗ
ನಡೆಸಿದೆ. ಅದು, ನೀವು ಯೋಚಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳ ಅರಿವನ್ನು ಬಳಸುವವರನ್ನಂತೂ
ಅದು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿತ್ತು. ರೈತರನ್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡಿಸೋಣ ಹಾಗು ಯಾವ ರೀತಿಯ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಅವರು ನೀಡುತ್ತಾರೆ
ಎನ್ನುವುದುನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸೋಣ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದೆ. ಇದರ ಭಾಗವಾಗಿ ಕೆಲವು ರೈತರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿಯಾಗಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಐಐಎಸ್ಸಿಗೆ
ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದ್ದೆವು. ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲನೆಯದಾಗಿ, ಹವಾಮಾನದ ಕುರಿತು ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಮಾತನಾಡಿಸಲು ಜನರು ಬಂದಿದ್ದಾರಲ್ಲ
ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದೇ ಅವರೆಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಬಹಳ ಸಂತೋಷವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ನಾನು ಅದಾಗಲೇ ಒಂದು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೆ. ಹವಾಮಾನ
ಇಲಾಖೆಯ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಅಂಕಿಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು, ಮಳೆಯ ದಾಖಲಾತಿಗಳನ್ನು ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳ ಅನುಸಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮರುವಿಂಗಡಿಸಿದ್ದೆ.
ಆ ಎಲ್ಲದರ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಸಿಎಓಎಸ್ (ಸೆಂಟರ್ ಫಾರ್ ಅಟ್ಮಾಸ್ಫೆರಿಕ್ ಆಂಡ್ ಓಶಿಯಾನಿಕ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್, ಐಐಎಸ್ಸಿ)
ಜಾಲತಾಣದಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಇದನ್ನಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ನಾವೆಲ್ಲ ಸುದೀರ್ಘವಾಗಿ ಮಾತನಾಡಿದೆವು. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂಡಿದ ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯವೇನೆಂದರೆ,
ನಮ್ಮ ಯಾವುದೇ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳು, ಅವನ್ನು ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಗಳೇ ನೀಡಿರಲಿ ಅಥವಾ ಪಂಚಾಂಗವೇ ನೀಡಿರಲಿ,
ಅಸಮರ್ಪಕವಾಗಿವೆ ಎಂದು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ನಮ್ಮ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಯು ವಿವರವಾದ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.
ಸಾಧಾರಣ, ಸಾಧಾರಣಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ, ಮುಂಗಾರು; ಇಷ್ಟನ್ನೇ ಹೇಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಯು.ಎಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ, ಮುಂದಿನ
12, 24, 48, 72 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನು ಬಹಳ ನಿಖರವಾಗಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿನ ಪ್ರತಿ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳೂ, ಪ್ರತಿ
ಟಿವಿ ಚ್ಯಾನಲ್ಲುಗಳೂ ನೀಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ, ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಯು ತ್ರಾಸದಾಯಕವಾಗಿರಲು
ಕಾರಣ ಏನು? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ: </b>ಇದು ಬಹಳ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ. ನೋಡಿ, ಯುರೋಪ್ ಹಾಗು ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕವಿರುವ
ಮೇಲ್ಮಟ್ಟದ ಅಕ್ಷಾಂಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹವಾಮಾನದ ಚಲನವಲನಗಳು ಕೆಳಮಟ್ಟದ ಉಷ್ಣವಲಯಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಸರಳವಾಗಿವೆ. ಉಷ್ಣವಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ
ಅವು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾಗಿವೆ. ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ರಿಟೀಷರು ಹಾಗು ಅಮೇರಿಕನ್ನರು ನಮಗಿಂತ
ಉತ್ತಮರು ಎಂದೇನೂ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಅವರೂ ಆವಾಗಾವಾಗ ಗುರುತರ ತಪ್ಪುಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ನಾವೂ ತಪ್ಪು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿರುತ್ತೇವೆ,
ನಿಜ. ಆದರೆ, ಈ ಮಾತು ಅವರಿಗೂ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇಡಿ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದಲ್ಲೇ ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಕುರಿತು ಅತಿಹೆಚ್ಚು
ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಹೊಂದಿರುವವರು ನಾವಾಗಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ನಮ್ಮ ಆರ್ಥಿಕತೆಯು ಮುಂಗಾರನ್ನು ಬಹುವಾಗಿ ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ.
ಇನ್ನು ಹಲವು ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಗಾಗಿಯೂ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ನಮಗೆ ಮುಖ್ಯ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಮುಂಗಾರು ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ
ನಾವು ಮುಂಚೂಣ ಯಲ್ಲಿರಬೇಕಾದ್ದು, ಪರಿಣತರಾಗಿರಬೇಕಾದ್ದು ಅತ್ಯಗತ್ಯ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಆದರೆ, ಭಾರತದ ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಮೆದುಳುಗಳು ಮುಂಗಾರು ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ
ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳದೆ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರೂಢಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ವಿಷಯಗಳ ಹಿಂದೆಹಿಂದೆ ಸಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
ಆದರೆ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ದೇಶಗಳು ತಮಗೆ ಯಾವುದು ಮುಖ್ಯವೋ ಅದನ್ನೇ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ! ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜಗತ್ತಿನ
ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಅವಲೋಕಿಸಿದಷ್ಟು ತೀವ್ರವಾಗಿ ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳ ಸಮೂಹವು ತಮ್ಮ
ದೇಶದ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಅವಲೋಕಿಸಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ, ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಕೊಂಚ ಬದಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಒಂದನ್ನಂತೂ
ಹೇಳಬಹುದು; ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ, ಇಡೀ ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸದ್ಯ ಇರುವ ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಮಟ್ಟವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು
ಮುಂಗಾರನ್ನು ಮುನ್ಸೂಚಿಸುವುದು ಇದೆಯಲ್ಲ, ಅದು ಬಹಳ ಕಷ್ಟದ ಕೆಲಸ. ಅಮೇರಿಕದಿಂದ ಅಜ್ಞಾತ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್
ಕೋಡ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಎರವಲು ಪಡೆಯುವುದು ಮುಂತಾದ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆಗಳಿಗಷ್ಟೇ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಪ್ರತಿಸ್ಪಂದನೆ ಸೀಮಿತವಾಗಿದೆಯೇ
ಹೊರತು, ಮುನ್ಸೂಚಿಸುವುದರಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮ ಅನುಭವವೇನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಮೇರಿಕದವರೇ, ‘ನಮ್ಮಿಂದ
ಮುಂಗಾರನ್ನು ಮುಂಗಾಣುವುದು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ’ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಾರಲ್ಲ! <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಎಲ್ ನೀನೊ ಮುಂತಾದ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನಗಳ ಕುರಿತು ಮಾತನಾಡುವುದಾದರೆ? ಎಲ್ ನೀನೋ
ಭಾರತದ ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬೀರಿದ್ದನ್ನು ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಖುದ್ದು ಗಮನಿಸಿದರೇ? ಅಥವಾ,
ಆ ವಿಷಯವನ್ನು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮದಿಂದ ಎರವಲು ಪಡೆದರೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಇದೊಂದು ಕುತೂಹಲ ಕೆರಳಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ. ಮೊದಮೊದಲಿಗೆ ಈ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವನ್ನು
ಎಲ್ ನೀನೊ ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಎಲ್ ನೀನೊಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದಂತೆ ಭೌತಿಕ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲು
ಗುರುತಿಸಿದವರು ಭಾರತೀಯ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಯ ಅಂದಿನ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥರಾದ ಸರ್ ಗಿಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ ವಾಕರ್,
ಸರಿಸುಮಾರು 1915-20ರಲ್ಲಿ. ಆತ ಚಾಣಾಕ್ಷನಾಗಿದ್ದ. ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಆತನಿಗೆ ಹವಮಾನ
ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದ ಕುರಿತು ಏನೇನೂ ಗೊತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ ಅದರೆಡೆಗೆ ಸಮ್ಮೋಹಿತನಾಗಿದ್ದ. ಆದರೆ, ಕೆಲವೇ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ
ಆತ, ಮುಂಗಾರು ತುಂಬ ವಿಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾದದ್ದು ಎಂಬ ತೀರ್ಮಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದ - ಇದರ ಚಲನಕ್ರಮವನ್ನು ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ
ಅರ್ಥೈಸಲು ಯಾರಿಂದಲೂ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದ. ‘ನಾನು ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಆಧಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು
ನೀಡುತ್ತೇನೆ’ ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಗೆ ಸಂಖ್ಯಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನಾ ವಿಧಾನವನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯಿಸಿದ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ತೀರ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನವರೆಗೂ, ವಾಕರ್ನ ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಚಿಂತನೆ, ಅವನ
ಸೂತ್ರ ಎಂದು ನಿಖರವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಅವನ ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಚಿಂತನೆ, ಭಾರತೀಯ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಯ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು
ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು, ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಈಗ ವಸಂತ್ ಗೋವಾರಿಕರ್ ಅವರ ಮಾದರಿ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಇದೆ.
ಇದು, ವಾಕರ್ ಮಾದರಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ನಿಯತಾಂಕಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಆದರೂ, ತಾತ್ವಿಕ ಚಿಂತನೆ ಎರಡು
ಮಾದರಿಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಒಂದೇ ಆಗಿದೆ. ವಾಕರ್ ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದ ಹಲವು ವಿಚಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಭಾರತದ ಮುಂಗಾರಿಗೂ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದಲ್ಲಿ
ಏನು ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೋ ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ನಿಕಟ ಸಂಬಂಧವಿದೆ ಎಂಬ ವಿಚಾರವೂ ಒಂದು. ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯವಿದ್ದ
ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹಳ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿಯೇ ಅದರ ವಸಾಹತುಗಳಿಂದ ಮಾಹಿತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಆತ ಪಡೆದುಕೊಂಡ. ಮಾಹಿತಿಯ ಮಿಕ್ಕ
ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಜಾಲಗಳು ಆಗ ಬಲವಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ, ಆ ಮಾತು ಬೇರೆ. ಹೀಗೆ, ಪೋರ್ಟ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್ನಲ್ಲೋ, ಪರ್ತ್
ಅಲ್ಲೋ ಗಾಳಿಯ ಒತ್ತಡವು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುವ ಪರಿಣಾಮವು, ಮುಂದೊಂದು ದಿನ ಭಾರತದ ಮುಂಗಾರಿನ ಪರಿಣಾಮವನ್ನು
ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಎನ್ನುವಂಥ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿದ. ಈ ವಿಚಾರವನ್ನು ಯಾರು ಕೂಡ ಚಿಂತಿಸಲೂ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗದ
ಸಂದರ್ಭ ಅದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಮೋಡಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಇಲ್ಲಿನ ಮುಂಗಾರಿಗೂ ದೂರದಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲೋ
ಇರುವ ಪರ್ತ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯುವುದಕ್ಕೂ ಯಾವ ಬಾದರಾಯಣ ಸಂಬಂಧ? ಎಂದು ಬಹುತೇಕರು ನಂಬಿದ್ದರು. ಜನರು ವಾಕರ್ನ
ನಿಲುವುಗಳನ್ನು ಕಟುವಾಗಿ ಟೀಕಿಸಿದರು. ಆದರೆ, ವಿಪರ್ಯಾಸ ಏನೆಂದರೆ, ಆತ ಸತ್ತ ಎರಡೇ ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ,
ಇನ್ನೂ ನಿಖರವಾದ ಮಾಪನಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅವನು ಸೂಚಿಸಿದ ಆ ಬಾದರಾಯಣ ಸಂಬಂಧ ನಿಜವೆಂದು ಸಾಧಿತಗೊಂಡಿತು! ಆ
ಗೆಲುವನ್ನು ಕಾಣಲು ಪಾಪ ಅವನು ಬದುಕಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಆ ಸಂಬಂಧದ ಕುರಿತು ಯಾವ ಸಂಶವೂ ಉಳಿದಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ.
ಇದೇ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವು ಬೆಳೆದು ಎಲ್ ನೀನೊ ಎನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಭಾರತದ ಮುಂಗಾರು ಹಾಗು ಉತ್ತರ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾದ
ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನಗಳ ನಡುವಿನ ಯಾವ ನಂಟನ್ನು ವಾಕರ್ ತೊರಿಸಿದ್ದಾನೋ, ಅದು ಎಲ್ ನೀನೊವಿನ ಒಂದು ಸೂಚನೆ. ಈ
ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನ ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯಾಗಷ್ಟೇ ಸಂಬಂಧಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಲ್ಲ. ಕಣವಿ: ಈ ಅಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೂಗುವಿಕೆ (ಒಸಿಲೇಶನ್)
ಇದ್ದಹಾಗೆ ಪೆಸಿಫಿಕ್ ತೂಗುವಿಕೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಇದೆಯೇ? ರೊದ್ದಂ: ಹಾ, ಪೆಸಿಫಿಕ್ ತೂಗುವಿಕೆಗೆ ಎಲ್
ಸೊನಾ ಎನ್ನಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಎಲ್ ನೀನೊ ದಕ್ಷಿಣದ ತೂಗುವಿಕೆ (ಇಎನ್ಎಸ್ಓ). ಉತ್ತರ ಅಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೂಗುವಿಕೆ
(ಎನ್ಎಓ) ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರಿನದ್ದೂ ಒಂದಿದೆ. ಇನ್ನೂ ಹಲವು ತೂಗುವಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಹಚ್ಚಲಾಗಿದೆ. ತೂಗುವಿಕೆಯ
ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ನಿಖರವಾಗಿ ನೀಡಬಹುದು. ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ, ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮುಂಗಾರಿಗೂ
ಇರುವ ನಂಟನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದು. ಇದನ್ನೇ ವಾಕರ್ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು. ಈ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವನ್ನು ಪತ್ತೆಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದ್ದು
ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಲ್ಲವೇ? ಎಂದು ನೀವು ಕೇಳಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ, ಭಾರತೀಯನಿಂದಲ್ಲ, ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಹವಾಮಾನತಜ್ಞನಿಂದ.
ಹೀಗಿದ್ದೂ ಒಂದು ವಿಷಯವನ್ನಂತೂ ಅಲ್ಲಗಳೆಯಲಾಗದು. ಅವನಿಗೆ ಹಲವು ಮಂದಿ ನೆರವಾಗಿದ್ದರಲ್ಲದೆ ಎಲ್ಲಾ
ಲೆಕ್ಕಗಳನ್ನು ಭಾರತೀಯರೇ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದರು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ: </b>ಭಾರತೀಯ ಬಾಹ್ಯಾಕಾಶ ಸಂಶೋಧನ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯು (ಇಸ್ರೋ) ಹವಾಮಾನ ಅಧ್ಯಯನಕ್ಕಾಗಿಯೇ
ಉಪಗ್ರಹಗಳನ್ನು ಕಳಿಸಿತ್ತು. ಕಡಲಿನ ಮೇಲ್ಮೈ ತಾಪಮಾನ, ಮುಂತಾದ ಅಂಶಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಅವುಗಳ ಉದ್ದೇಶವಾಗಿತ್ತು.
ಆ ಉಪಗ್ರಹಗಳಿಂದ ಏನಾದರು ಸಹಾಯ ಆಗಿದೆಯೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಹೌದು, ದೊಡ್ಡ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಕಣ ್ಣಗೆ ಕಟ್ಟುವಂಥ ಉದಾಹರಣೆ
ಬೇಕೆಂದರೆ ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿಗಳ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಯನ್ನೇ ನೋಡಬಹುದು. ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಒದಿಶಾದಲ್ಲಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತವೊಂದು
ಅಪ್ಪಳಿಸಿತ್ತು. ಇದರ ಪಥಗತಿಯನ್ನು ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆ ಸರಿಯಾಗಿಯೇ ಮುಂಗಂಡಿತ್ತು. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ, ಅವರ ಬಳಿ
ಉಪಗ್ರಹದಿಂದ ದೊರೆತ ಸಮಗ್ರ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಇತ್ತು. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ, ಆ ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿಯ ಜಾಡನ್ನು, ಅದರ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದಾರಭ್ಯದಿಂದಲೂ
ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ನಿಮಗೆ ನೆನಪಿರಬಹುದು. ಕಳೆದ ಬೃಹತ್ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾವಿರಾರು ಜನರು ಸತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.
ಆದರೆ, ಈ ಸಲದ ಒದಿಶಾ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತದಲ್ಲಿ ಸತ್ತವರು ಹತ್ತೋ ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತೋ ಮಂದಿಯಷ್ಟೇ. ಇಷ್ಟಲ್ಲದೆ, ಉತ್ತರಾಖಂಡದ
ಕೇದರನಾಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಂಟಾದ ಮೇಘಸ್ಫೋಟವನ್ನು ಅದು ಘಟಿಸುವ ಮುನ್ನವೇ ನಮ್ಮ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆ ಬಯಲಿಗೆ ಎಳೆದಿತ್ತು.
ಆದರೆ ದುರದೃಷ್ಟವಶಾತ್ ನಮ್ಮ ಯಾವ ಸರಕಾರಿ ಇಲಾಖೆಗಳೂ ಅದನ್ನು ಗಂಭೀರವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಗಣ ಸಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಈ ನಡೆ
ದೊಡ್ಡ ಅನಾಹುತಕ್ಕೆ ದಾರಿಮಾಡಿಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಈ ಕಹಿ ಘಟನೆಯನ್ನು ನೆನಪಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು ಅಧಿಕಾರವರ್ಗದವರಾಗಲಿ,
ರಾಜಕಾರಣ ಗಳಾಗಿ ಒದಿಶಾ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತದ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಏರ್ಪಾಡಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಹಾಕಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಬಯಸಲಿಲ್ಲ.
ಹಾಗಾಗಿ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಇಲಾಖೆಯ ಮುನ್ನೆಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಅವರೆಲ್ಲ ಗಂಭೀರವಾಗಿ ಪರಿಗಣ ಸಿದರು ಹಾಗು, ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ
ಸಾವು-ನೋವಿನ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯೂ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಯಿತು. ಇವೆಲ್ಲವು ಏನು ತಿಳಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಅಂದರೆ, ನಾವು ಅಲ್ಪಾವಧಿಯ
ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ನೀಡುವುದರಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಣ ತರಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ಡಾಪ್ಲರ್ ರೆಡಾರ್ಗಳು ಅಲ್ಪಾವಧಿ ಮುನ್ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು
ನೀಡಲು ನೆರವಾದರೆ, ಒಂದು ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿಯ ಒಟ್ಟೂ ಜೀವಿತ ವರ್ತುಲವನ್ನು ಅರಿಯಲು ಉಪಗ್ರಹಗಳು ನೆರವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಯನ್ನು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡಲೂ ಅವು ಸಹಾಯಕ್ಕೆ ಬರುವವು. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು,
ಕಳೆದ 20-30 ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವೆಲ್ಲ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳು ಆಗಿವೆ ಎನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ನಾವು ಅರಿಯಬಲ್ಲೆವು. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ: </b>ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಮಾದರಿಗಳು ಸಹಾಯಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂತೇ? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಎರಡು ದಿನಗಳ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಮಾದರಿಗಳು ನೆರವಿಗೆ ಬಂತು. ಆದರೆ,
ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿತ ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆರವಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಉನ್ನತ ಅಕ್ಷಾಂಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಮಾದರಿಗಳನ್ನು
ಬಳಸುವುದು ಸುಲಭವೇ?</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ರೊದ್ದಂ:</b> ಸ್ಥೂಲವಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿದರೆ ಸುಲಭ ಅಂತಲೇ ಕಾಣ ಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಉಷ್ಣವಲಯದ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್
ಮಾದರಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಅವಕ್ಕಾಗಿಸಿದ್ದು ಮೋಡಗಳು. ಉನ್ನತ ಅಕ್ಷಾಂಶ ವಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕುಪ್ಪೆ ಮೋಡಗಳು
ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಕಂಡುಬಾರವು. ಅವು ವಾಯುಮಂಡಲದ ಪರಿಚಲನೆಯನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಸವು. ಆ ವಲಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುಪಾಲು ಸ್ಥಾವರ
ಮೋಡಗಳು, ಚದುರಿದ ಮೋಡಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ವ್ಯತಿರಿಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೋಡಗಳ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯತೆ
ಹೆಚ್ಚೇ ಇದೆ. ನಾನು ಮೋಡಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ ಹೊಂದಲು ಇದೇ ಕಾರಣ. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ಕಣವಿ:</b> ಪ್ರೊ. ನರಸಿಂಹ ಅವರೇ, ತುಂಬು ಹೃದಯದ ಧನ್ಯವಾದ. ಈ ಮಾತುಕತೆ ನನಗೊಂದು
ಕಲಿಕೆಯಾಯಿತು.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">****************************************<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><br /><p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-24131909565090439182021-04-05T22:18:00.002+05:302023-05-22T07:01:17.243+05:30My mother Shantadevi Kanavi - a tribute<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>My mother Shantadevi Kanavi - A Tribute</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYT2Lsm2OkNM47QqoWjGMP7APgoZh2nLZQ_llwmxGgJue9ZF7DPgZOi8-axnzKlxbAE99sB8Uzl5DUKYg8trjbDtHCA8uC25_-tf9nMZd1PUL4ubJ5B3l7BsTB5JAZUJ94P-f3_taAvZA/s1840/Shantadevi+Kanavi-2.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1232" data-original-width="1840" height="429" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYT2Lsm2OkNM47QqoWjGMP7APgoZh2nLZQ_llwmxGgJue9ZF7DPgZOi8-axnzKlxbAE99sB8Uzl5DUKYg8trjbDtHCA8uC25_-tf9nMZd1PUL4ubJ5B3l7BsTB5JAZUJ94P-f3_taAvZA/w640-h429/Shantadevi+Kanavi-2.JPG" width="640" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span><span style="font-size: medium;">(Photo: Palashranjan Bhaumick)</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Shantadevi Kanavi </b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Jan 12, 1933-May 22, 2020)</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Short Bio</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Shantadevi Kanavi, 87,
was one of the leading short story writers in Kannada. She served Kannada
literature for over six decades, from late '50s till recently. Her eight
collections: <b>Sanje Mallige, Bayalu Alaya, Maru Vichara, Jaatre Mugidittu,
Kalachi bidda Paijana, Neelima Teera, Gandhi Magalu and Achcha Parimala</b> and
two volumes of collected short stories: <b>Katha Manjari</b> won thousands of
literary hearts. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">She was married to Chennaveera
Kanavi a leading light in Kannada poetry. Thousands of students in Universities
of Bengaluru, Mysuru, Kalaburagi and Dharwad studied and enjoyed her short
stories in their text books. Her stories have been translated into English,
Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">She was honoured for
her lifetime literary contribution by Kannada lovers with Karnataka Rajya
Sahitya Akademi Gaurava Prashasti, Dana Chintamani Attimmabbe Purskara of
Government of Karnataka, Honorary Doctorate from Karnataka State Akka Mahadevi
Women’s University, B Sarojadevi Prashasti of Kannada Sahitya Parishat, ETV
Paripurna Mahila Prashasti and many others. There have been several seminars
and studies of her literary contribution by critics and students. “Onagabaradu
odala chilume- Ed by Dr Shanta Imrapur and Dr K R Siddhagangamma” is a notable
collection of 56 critical essays and analyses of her short stories by noted
literary critics. <o:p></o:p></p></i></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 25.68px;"><b><span>My Avva -- A woman of substance</span><span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(A contribution to Shantadevi Kanavi commemorative volume, "Sanje Mallige"- Ed Veena Shanteshwar, Shanta Imrapur)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>Shivanand Kanavi</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">I do not know whether an indestructible, eternal atma
exists. My search for this elusive entity has not gone beyond that of poet V G
Bhat’s, which reached a dead end at page 153 of Kittel's Dictionary. (see his
poem "Aatmashodhane" </span><span face="Tunga, sans-serif" lang="KN" style="line-height: 107%;">ಆತ್ಮಶೋಧನೆ</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="KN"> </span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" lang="EN-IN">- V G Bhat,
Akshara Hosa Kavya -Ed P Lankesh, page 56</span><span face="Calibri, sans-serif">).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">My scientific training tells me that the mind,
emotions, memory, intellect; self awareness are all functions of the brain and cease
to exist when the body stops functioning or what is medically called death.
However a person's memories, imprints and influences endure in others' consciousness
and life. So we can say a person "exists" in others' consciousness.
When the person is a writer, artist, scientist, philosopher etc then she
continues to influence her audience and admirers for several years and even
centuries and hence live much beyond her times.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">My mother’s rich literary work has been commented upon
and has been read by thousands of people in Karnataka. Her kind, loving,
empathetic and giving nature has been talked about by all those who came close
to her; family, friends and even acquaintances.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">So what should I write or recall in this remembrance ?
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I would like to distance myself from my emotional
binds with her as my loving Avva and examine her world outlook as revealed in
her thoughts and actions, which certainly played a role in shaping mine too. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Avva had some very strong convictions which she
practiced all her life. However she never tried to impose her convictions or
her doubts, queries and skepticism on others. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She was not an atheist but all through her life she never
went to a temple to worship any deity. She considered religion, faith and
beliefs as private matters and not for public display. She practiced her own
private meditation in the puja room. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She did not believe in astrology and never consulted
an astrologer. Though not a science student her rationality kept her away from
all the superstitions and rituals associated with astrology like Rahu kaala,
Gruhana, good and bad omens, muhoort, Navagruha shanti, Shani's bad effects etc etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She had developed a questioning, rational, scientific
temper.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She respected all those who had taken up service to
the less privileged in any form or shape. She respected all those Swamijis and
religious leaders too who were engaged in such service. But she herself never
went to any religious leader or Swamiji seeking moral or spiritual guidance or
counsel. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The quality in any person she most abhorred even if
they had other redeeming ones was false pride, arrogance and seeking publicity.
She greatly admired <a name="_GoBack"></a>all those who stood upright against
injustice, defended the rights of the poor and oppressed men and women and told
truth to power.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For her festivals were joyous occasions for family get
together to enjoy good food and each other’s company and not necessarily for any
specific rituals associated. During a festival or any other occasion at home, puja
would be done by a family member and not by a priest. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When my parents had a decisive say in the conduct of
marriages in the family they sanctified the union of the couple in the presence
of family members with my father reciting some Vachanas of Sharanas of 12<sup>th</sup>
century. But when they did not have a say they left the conduct of the marriage
to the wishes of the couple and happily blessed them. They did not wear their
ideas and practices on their sleeves or impose it on others including their own
children or their spouses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many people might say they are followers of so and so
religion or belief system or faith but Avva liked the 12th century Vachanakaras
because many of their thoughts coincided with her beliefs and practices now in
the 20<sup>th</sup> and 21<sup>st</sup> century. Basically she had formed her
own views and practiced them. She started reading up on Buddhism recently. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Her beliefs and practices were not those of her mother
or father either. Her father’s vast home library had tons of Victorian English
literature along with modern Kannada literature and also a large section on
philosophy and metaphysics. Shri Aurobindo, Jiddu Krishnamurthi etc. jostled
with Vachanakaras and Lingayat literature. Her parents revered Shri Aurobindo
and Mother of Pondicherry but that did not influence her much. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The point I am making here is she was very much her
own person. What she believed and practiced was arrived at by her own
experience, reading, reflection and cogitation. So is my father but that is for
some other time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She was quite turned off by the sound and fury and
public display of grief during a funeral. She observed it minutely in a village
and based one of her famous stories "Antima samskara" on a village
funeral. She also started investigating a realistic alternative to an elaborate
funeral and she found it in the donation of one's body to medical research in a
Medical College. She was emboldened by three of her relatives actually donating
their body thus. However she did not insist on it when she was ill. Perhaps as
a realist she might have realised that anyway she would not be around so what's
the point in insisting on it. After all a funeral depends more on the beliefs
of the family members than the person who has passed away !<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She did not study beyond Matriculation. So when she
received Doctorate Honoris Causa in 2014 from the Karnataka State Women’s
University at Vijayapura (Bijapur) for her lifetime contribution to Kannada
literature, I used to pull her leg that she jumped straight from Matriculation
to D Litt! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She was a voracious reader from childhood till her
end. In fact at her bedside even in her last days was "Jane Eyre" by
Charlotte Bronte, which she must have been reading for the n’th time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Her favourite writers were realists. Among the
Europeans, she particularly loved Jane Austen, Bronte sisters Emily and
Charlotte, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Victor Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, O Henry,
Guy de Maupassant, Anton Chekhov. My grandfather, Siddabasappa Gidnavar's home
library also had a complete collection of Usha, Jaya Karnataka and Jeevana. They
were the pioneering literary magazines of early 20th century that launched many
a Kannada writer and she was perhaps the most avid user of his library.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> She had also read
the pioneers of modern Kannada prose as well as her contemporaries: Masti
Venkatesh Iyengar, Anakru, Niranjan, Basavraj Kattimani, Tarasu, Kuvempu,
Bhyrappa, Shankar Mokashi Punekar, Shantinath Desai, Tejasvi, Lankesh,
Gauramma, Vani, Triveni, Anupama, Vaidehi and many others. In her later years
you would always find her with a book infront of the TV in the living room. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She loved realists, because she was a realist in her
core personality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some critics have commented that in her stories at
times the female protagonist does not overtly rebel, adjusts and accommodates.
But that is what she found around her in her early years and as a realist
writer her stories reflected that. And as women became more independent,
emancipated and assertive around her in the latter half of 20th century her
stories reflected that too. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She remained true to her realism all through and did
not impose her wishes or aspirations or "ideology" on her characters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a mother she was remarkably liberal as well as
frank and open. Once we became old enough to understand she would share with us
the tight financial situation in the family and what kind of education we could
afford etc. That put a lot of responsibility on us and I do not remember any
one of us five children throwing tantrums for anything. As we grew up she
exerted absolutely no pressure on us on the career we chose or the life partner
we chose; belief systems, political leanings and activism or any other life
choices. At the same time she was always available and willing if she found us
tense or in need of help of any kind. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As I became a father and grandfather, I often wondered
whether I came up to her high standards of parenting.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She was quite firm in her convictions though curious
to know any alternative view if supported by evidence. My father is far more
circumspect by nature. On the rare occasion where he took a public political
stand and expressed his views in writings or interviews or actually participated
in a protest, she totally stood by him. She saw his anguish before and during
National Emergency of Smt. Indira Gandhi (1975-77); or Gokak Chaluvali (1981-82)
or the protests regarding NRC, new citizenship laws etc. in 2019. She stood by
him like a rock.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">She refused to go centre stage and let her work speak
for itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How can one be not influenced by such a woman of
substance as a mother and loving counsel ? She continues to live in us all.<o:p></o:p></span></p></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-----------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: medium; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-66904630775309212212020-12-18T10:57:00.000+05:302020-12-18T10:57:05.513+05:30F C Kohli and Indian IT industry - Prajavani<p></p><p><span lang="KN"><span style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(https://www.prajavani.net/op-ed/vyakti/father-of-the-indian-it-sector-faquir-chand-kohli-786915.html?)</span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span lang="KN" style="color: black; font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭಾರತದ ಐ.ಟಿ. ಉದ್ಯಮದ ಭೀಷ್ಮ </span></b></span></p>
<p><b><span lang="KN" style="color: black; font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ಕರ್ಮಯೋಗಿ ಎಫ್.ಸಿ. ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ</span></span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="KN" style="color: black; font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>ಶಿವಾನಂದ
ಕಣವಿ</b></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang="KN" style="color: black; font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yaRJcdtkAClgy2sD8QbYAu83Z-vCzdmuLfl9ocrX-6NpW0HeC9WZFqU1kDj6pT12ycOqQbeoAQygoKpTgzclyUZ43x3KC-uf4t-E0XHOyZP2R1LpihepNv3ZQxGm9MQCNI-6sCbspvU/s710/F+C+Kohli-+Palashranjan+Bhaumick.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="526" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7yaRJcdtkAClgy2sD8QbYAu83Z-vCzdmuLfl9ocrX-6NpW0HeC9WZFqU1kDj6pT12ycOqQbeoAQygoKpTgzclyUZ43x3KC-uf4t-E0XHOyZP2R1LpihepNv3ZQxGm9MQCNI-6sCbspvU/w296-h400/F+C+Kohli-+Palashranjan+Bhaumick.jpg" width="296" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><b><br /></b></span><p></p>
<p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ದೇಶಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕೊನೆಯ ಕ್ಷಣದವರೆಗೂ ಶ್ರಮಪಡುತ್ತಲೇ ಫಕೀರ್ ಚಂದ್
ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ (</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">96) </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಅವರು ನವೆಂಬರ್ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">26</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಂದು
ನಿಧನರಾದರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಅಕ್ಷರಶಃ ಮತ್ತು ಉಪಮಾತ್ಮಕ ಎರಡೂ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅವರು
ಮಂಚೂಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಅವರು ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ
ವಿದ್ಯಾಭ್ಯಾಸ ಪಡೆದದ್ದು ಖೈಬರ್ ಕಣಿವೆಯ ಹತ್ತಿರದ ಪೆಶಾವರದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">; </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಲಾಹೋರ್
ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನಿಂದ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭೌತವಿಜ್ಞಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಪದವಿ ಪಡೆದರು. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1944</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿ
ಅವರಿಗೆ ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕಲ್ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ ಕಲಿಕೆಗೆ ಕೆನಡಾದ ಕ್ವೀನ್ಸ್ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯದ
ಸ್ಕಾಲರ್ಶಿಪ್ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತು. ಅಮೆರಿಕದ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಎಂಐಟಿಯಿಂದ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪಾವರ್ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ನಲ್ಲಿ
ಸ್ನಾತಕೋತ್ತರ ಪದವಿ ಪಡೆದರು. ಅವರು ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೆರಿಕದಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಾಸಂಗ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಗಲೇ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ತವರಿನಲ್ಲಿ
ಅವರ ಕುಟುಂಬವು ಆಸ್ತಿ ಮತ್ತು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರವೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ದೇಶವಿಭಜನೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡು
ನಿರಾಶ್ರಿತರಾದರು. ಆದರೆ ಭವಿಷ್ಯದತ್ತ ದೃಷ್ಟಿ ನೆಟ್ಟ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಕುಟುಂಬವು ಸಿಟ್ಟು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸ್ವಮರುಕ
ಮತ್ತು ಹಳೆಯ ನೆನಪುಗಳ ಕನವರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಚೈತನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">೧೯೫೧ ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ ಮರಳಿ ಬಂದ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಮುಂಬೈಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ
ಟಾಟಾ ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಸೇವೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತೊಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳನ್ನು
ಬಳಸಿದ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಮೊದಲ ಮತ್ತು ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಮೂರನೇ ಪಾವರ್ ಕಂಪನಿ ಎಂಬ ಹೆಗ್ಗಳಿಕೆಗೆ ಅವರ
ನಾಯಕತ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಕಂಪನಿ ಭಾಜನವಾಯಿತು. ಇದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿಯೇ ಮುಂಬೈ ನಗರಕ್ಕೆ ಅತ್ಯುನ್ನತ
ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ ಅನಿರ್ಬಂಧಿತ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕಳೆದ ಅರ್ಧ ಶತಮಾನಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅವಧಿಯಿಂದ
ಪೂರೈಕೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಇದು ನ್ಯೂಯಾರ್ಕ್ ಸಿಟಿಯ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪೂರೈಕೆಗೆ ಸಮಾನ ಅಥವಾ ಅದಕ್ಕಿಂತ
ಉತ್ತಮ ಎಂದು ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರ್ಗಳು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">50</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"> ಮತ್ತು </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">60</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರ
ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಪಿ.ಕೆ. ಕೇಳ್ಕರ್ ಜತೆಗೂಡಿ ಬಾಂಬೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾನ್ಪುರದ ಐಐಟಿಗಳ
ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಯ ಕೆಲಸದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗಿದರು. ಎರಡೂ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿದೇಶದ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ
ಭಾರತೀಯ ಬೋಧಕರನ್ನು ನೇಮಿಸಿಕೊಂಡರು. ಭಾರತ ಮತ್ತು ಸಿಲಿಕಾನ್ ವ್ಯಾಲಿಯ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ
ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಐಐಟಿಗಳು ನಿರ್ಣಾಯಕ ಪಾತ್ರ ವಹಿಸಿವೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಎಂಬುದು
ಜನಜನಿತ. ಈ ಎರಡೂ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತರಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವರು ಟಾಟಾ ಕನ್ಸಲ್ಟೆನ್ಸಿ ಸರ್ವಿಸಸ್ನಲ್ಲಿ
(ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್) ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಕೊಂಡರು. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">80</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರ
ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಇನ್ಫೊಸಿಸ್ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಎನ್.ಆರ್. ನಾರಾಯಣಮೂರ್ತಿ ಮತ್ತು ನಂದನ್ ನಿಲೇಕಣಿ ಅವರೂ
ಈ ಐಐಟಿ ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದ್ಯಾಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡಿದವರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸಿದ್ದನ್ನು
ಗಮನಿಸಿದ್ದ ಜೆ.ಆರ್.ಡಿ ಟಾಟಾ ಅವರು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೊಹ್ಲಿಯವರನ್ನು </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1969</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿ
ಆಗ ತಾನೇ ಸ್ಥಾಪನೆಗೊಂಡ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ಗೆ ಆಹ್ವಾನಿಸಿದರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1968</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿಯೇ
ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದ ಜೆ.ಆರ್.ಡಿ ಟಾಟಾ ಅವರ ಜಾಣ್ಮೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಚ್ಚನ್ನು ಎಂಥವರೂ
ಮೆಚ್ಚಲೇಬೇಕು. ಆ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೈಕ್ರೊಸಾಫ್ಟ್ ಆಗಲಿ ಇಂಟೆಲ್ ಆಗಲಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸ್ಯಾಪ್</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಎಕ್ಸೆಂಚರ್</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಗೂಗಲ್
ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳೇ ಆಗಲಿ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಂತಹ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತದ ಸಮಾಜ ಮತ್ತು ಅರ್ಥವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಗೆ
ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ನ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಕನಸನ್ನು ಟಾಟಾ ಕಾಣುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಇಂದು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತವು ಐಟಿ ಸೇವೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ.
ಭಾರತದ ಐ.ಟಿ. ಉದ್ಯಮವು ಇಂದು ಸುಮಾರು </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">₹15 </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಲಕ್ಷ ಕೋಟಿ
ವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ವಹಿವಾಟು ನಡೆಸುವಷ್ಟು ಬೆಳೆದಿದೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಲೇ ಇರುವ ನಮ್ಮ ತೈಲ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ
ಆಮದುಗಳಿಗೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್ ರಫ್ತಿನಿಂದ ಬರುವ ವರಮಾನವು ವಿದೇಶಿ
ವಿನಿಮಯ ಒದಗಿಸಿಕೊಡುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಥಮ ಸ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ
ಅಕ್ಸೆಂಚರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅಗ್ರಗಾಮಿ ಐಬಿಎಂ ಜತೆಗೆ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಇಂದು ನಿಕಟ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆಯಲ್ಲಿದೆ. ಟಾಟಾ
ಸಮೂಹದ ಮುಕುಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಅದ್ವಿತೀಯ ರತ್ನ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಚುಕ್ಕಾಣಿ ಹಿಡಿದಾಗ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿ
ಹೀಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷ ಪೂರೈಸಿದ್ದ ಕಂಪನಿಗೆ ಹೇಳಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂತಹ ಸಾಧನೆಯೇನೂ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೆಲವೇ
ಮಂದಿ ಕನ್ಸಲ್ಟೆಂಟ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದ ಕಂಪನಿ ಕೆಲವು ಲಕ್ಷ ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳ ನಷ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿತ್ತು. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1968–69</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿ
ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಸೇವೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಉಮೇದು ಇದ್ದವರು ಬಹಳ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಮುಂಬೈ ಮತ್ತು
ಭಾರತದ ಇತರೆಡೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ ಸಂಭಾವ್ಯ ಗ್ರಾಹಕರನ್ನು ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಹುಡುಕಾಡತೊಡಗಿದರು: ಉತ್ತಮ
ಡೈರೆಕ್ಟರಿಯನ್ನು ಎದುರು ನೋಡುತ್ತಿರುವ ದೂರಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">; </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯ
ಫಲಿತಾಂಶ ಮತ್ತು ಅಂಕಪಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ತ್ವರಿತವಾಗಿ ನೀಡಲು ಬಯಸುವ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">; </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಾವಿರಾರು
ಗ್ರಾಹಕರ ಬಿಲ್ ಸಿದ್ಧಪಡಿಸಲು ತಿಣುಕಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಸೇವಾ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">; </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಲೆಕ್ಕಪತ್ರ
ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಗೆ ಸಂಕಷ್ಟಪಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಬ್ಯಾಂಕ್ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಮಾ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">; </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಲೆಕ್ಕಪತ್ರ
ಮತ್ತು ವೇತನ ಪಾವತಿ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಗೆ ನೆರವು ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಯಾವುದೇ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು
ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ಗುರಿಯಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ಆದರೆ ವಿದೇಶಿ ವಿನಿಮಯ ಕೊರತೆಯಿಂದ ಬಳಲಿದ್ದ
ಸರ್ಕಾರವು ದುಬಾರಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳ ಆಮದನ್ನು ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುತ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬುದು ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ
ಎದುರಿಸಿದ ಮೊದಲ ತೊಡಕಾಗಿತ್ತು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭಾರಿ ಒತ್ತಡದ ಬಳಿಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರವು ಷರತ್ತುಬದ್ಧವಾದ ತಾತ್ಕಾಲಿಕ ಅನುಮತಿ
ನೀಡಿತು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">; </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳಿಗೆ ನೀಡುವ ಹಣಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ವಿದೇಶಿ ವಿನಿಮಯವನ್ನು
ಗಳಿಸಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದು ಆ ಷರತ್ತು. ಹೀಗೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭಾರತದ ಮಣ್ಣಿನಲ್ಲಿ
ದೃಢವಾಗಿ ಕಾಲೂರಿಕೊಂಡೇ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಪಯಣ ಆರಂಭವಾಯಿತು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದಲ್ಲಿನ ದಕ್ಷತೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಲು ತಮ್ಮ
ತಂಡದ ಮತ್ತು ಭಾರತದ ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರ್ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಮರ್ಗಳು ನೆರವಾಗಬಲ್ಲರು
ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಹೊಂದುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ ಮನವರಿಕೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ
ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ಸುತ್ತ ತೊಡಗಿದರು. ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿರುವವರಿಗೆ ಹೊಸ ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್
ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಅವರ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಹರಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ನೆರವಾಗಬಲ್ಲುದು
ಎಂದು ತುಂಬು ಹೃದಯದ ಪ್ರಚಾರ ಮಾಡಿದರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಕಣ್ಣಾರೆ ನೋಡಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಬಯಸಿದವರಿಗೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ತಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರತಿಭಾವಂತರ
ತಂಡವನ್ನು ಗ್ರಾಹಕರ ಹತ್ತಿರವೇ ಕಳಹಿಸಲು ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಸಿದ್ಧವಿದ್ದರು. ನಿಗದಿತ ಗಡುವು ಮತ್ತು
ವೆಚ್ಚದಲ್ಲಿ ತೃಪ್ತಿಕರವಾಗಿ ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಖಾತರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಯೋಜನೆಯನ್ನು ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ
ಹೊರಗುತ್ತಿಗೆ ನೀಡುವಂತೆ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳ ಮನವರಿಕೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದರೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಇದರಿಂದಾಗುವ
ವೆಚ್ಚ ಕಡಿತವು ಎರಡೂ ಕಡೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಲಾಭದಾಯಕ ಎಂದೂ ಗ್ರಾಹಕರಿಗೆ ತಿಳಿಸಿದರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ದೊಡ್ಡ ಐಟಿ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳ ಅನುಷ್ಠಾನ ಅಥವಾ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ವಿಸ್ತರಣೆಯ
ಸವಾಲನ್ನು ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಎದುರಿಸಿದ್ದು ಹೇಗೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">? </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಮಿಂಗ್
ಎಂಬುದು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕುಶಲಕರ್ಮಿಯ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಹೋಲುವ ಚಟುವಟಿಕೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವವೇರ್
ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಯನ್ನು ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೀಕರಣಗೊಳಿಸುವುದೇ ಇಲ್ಲಿನ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಸವಾಲು ಆಗಿತ್ತು. ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಮಿಂಗ್
ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟದ ಮಾನದಂಡಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್
ಗಳ ರಚನೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಘಟಕಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಭಜಿಸುವ ಮೂಲಕ ಏಕಕಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಹಲವರು ಕೆಲಸ
ಮಾಡುವ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವವೇರ್ ಘಟಕಗಳ ಸಿದ್ಧ ಲೈಬ್ರೆರಿ ರಚನೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್
ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆಯ ಕೆಲವು ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನು ಸ್ವಯಂಚಾಲಿತಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ವಿಷಯಗಳು
ಇದರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದವು. ನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದುವೇ ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ ಎಂಬ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ
ಹೆಸರಾಯಿತು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಮರ್ಥ ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್ ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞರು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಯೋಜನಾ
ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥಾಪಕರು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರ್ಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಗುಣಮಟ್ಟ
ಪರಿಣತರು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಮತ್ತು ಮಾನವ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲ ನಿರ್ವಾಹಕರ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪಡೆಯನ್ನೇ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು
ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಿದರು. ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನ ಹೊರಗಿನವರೂ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ
ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇದೇ ವಿಧಾನವನ್ನು ಅನುಸರಿಸಲು ತೊಡಗಿದರು. ಭಾರತದ ಸಾಫ್ಟವೇರ್ ಉದ್ಯೋಗ ಜಾಗತಿಕ
ಮಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ವಿದ್ಯಮಾನವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯಿತು. ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಂದು ಸ್ವಂತ ಐ.ಟಿ
ಕಂಪನಿ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸಿದವರು ಅಥವಾ ಬೇರೆ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಇಒ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಿಒಒ
ಮತ್ತು ಸಿಟಿಒ ಹಾಗೂ ಮಧ್ಯಮ ಹಂತದ ಪ್ರಾಜೆಕ್ಟ ಮ್ಯಾನೇಜರ್ ಆದವರನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಿದರೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ
ಅವರು ಕಟ್ಟಿದ್ದು ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಅನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ ಭಾರತದ ಇಡೀ ಐ.ಟಿ. ಉದ್ಯಮಕ್ಕೆ ಬೇಕಾದ ಮಾನವ
ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲವನ್ನು ಎಂಬುದು ವೇದ್ಯವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1990</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರ ದಶಕದ
ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ವೈ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೆ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಿದ್ದರು. ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸುವ
ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಈ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಗೆ ಬರಲೇಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2000</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ನೇ ಇಸವಿ
ಜನವರಿ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಂದು </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">12:01</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"> ಗಂಟೆ ಆದ ಬಳಿಕವೂ
ತಮ್ಮ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳು ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿವೆ ಎಂಬ ಖಾತರಿ ಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯು
ವ್ಯಾಪಾರವನ್ನೆಲ್ಲ ಅಲ್ಲೋಲಕಲ್ಲೋಲ ಮಾಡಿಬಿಡಬಹುದು ಎಂಬ ಭೀತಿ ಇತ್ತು. ವ್ಯಾಪಾರವು ಸುಗಮವಾಗಿ
ಮುಂದುವರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬುದರ ಖಾತರಿಗೆ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಂಗಳ ಕೋಟ್ಯಂತರ ಸಾಲು ಕೋಡ್ಗಳನ್ನು
ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಬೇಕಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಕೆಲಸವು ಹೊಸ ಶತಮಾನದ ಆರಂಭಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿಯೇ ಆಗಬೇಕಿತ್ತು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಈ ಕೋಡ್ ಲೋಪವನ್ನು ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಿದ್ದೇ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಭಾರತದ ಇತರ
ಹಲವು ಸಣ್ಣ ಮತ್ತು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಐ.ಟಿ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳ ವರಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿನ ನೆಗೆತಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು
ವ್ಯಾಪಾರೋದ್ಯಮ ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರರು ಗುರುತಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಆದರೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, 2–3</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">
ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">70</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"> ಕೋಟಿ ಸಾಲು ಕೋಡ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಿ ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಇದು ಆಗ
ಜಗತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದ ಒಟ್ಟು ಕೋಡ್ಗಳ ಶೇ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">30</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಷ್ಟು
ಎಂಬುದು ಬಹಳಷ್ಟು ಜನರಿಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಅವರ
ಕೈಕೆಳಗೆ ಬೆಳೆದ ಎಸ್. ರಾಮದೊರೈ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಎಸ್. ಮಹಾಲಿಂಗಂ
ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ವಿಭಾಗದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ ಕೇಶವ ನೊರಿ ಅವರು ಈ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ
ಪರಿಹಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸಿದ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ನ
ಜಾಣ್ಮೆಯೇ ಈ ಯಶಸ್ಸಿನ ಹಿಂದಿನ ರಹಸ್ಯ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ವೈ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೆ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಪರಿಹಾರದ ಬಳಿಕ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಗ್ರಾಹಕರ
ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ಗಳನ್ನು ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಉತ್ತಮಪಡಿಸುವತ್ತ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಗಮನ ಹರಿಸಿತು. ಆ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ
ಗ್ರಾಹಕರ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ಗಳ ಒಳಹೊರಗೆಲ್ಲ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು! ಮುಂದಿನ ಮೂರು ವರ್ಷಗಳಲ್ಲಿ
ಅಂದರೆ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2003</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ವರಮಾನವು ನೂರು ಕೋಟಿ ಡಾಲರ್ (ಈಗಿನ ದರದಲ್ಲಿ
ಸುಮಾರು </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">₹ 7,400</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"> ಕೋಟಿ). ಈ ಮಟ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆಳೆದ ಭಾರತದ ಮೊದಲ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್
ಕಂಪನಿ ಎಂದು ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧಿ ಪಡೆಯಿತು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಡಾಲರ್ನಲ್ಲಿ ವರಮಾನ ಗಳಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಅಷ್ಟೂ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಅವರ
ನಂತರ ಬಂದ ಸಿಇಒಗಳಾದ ಎಸ್. ರಾಮದೊರೆ ಮತ್ತು ಎನ್. ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರನ್ ಅವರು ಭಾರತದ ಅರ್ಥ
ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಾಜವನ್ನು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಕೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ಆಧುನಿಕಗೊಳಿಸಬೇಕು ಎಂಬ ಜೆ.ಆರ್.ಡಿ
ಟಾಟಾ ಅವರ ಮೂಲ ಧ್ಯೇಯದಿಂದ ಕಣ್ಣು ತೆಗೆದಿರಲೇ ಇಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಐ.ಟಿ. ಯೋಜನೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಹಣವೇ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್
ಇಂಡಿಯಾದಿಂದ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಯಾಗಬಹುದು ಎಂಬ ರಾಜಕೀಯ ನಾಯಕರ ಭೀತಿ
ಮತ್ತು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಶಾಹಿಯ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ
ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ ಮುಂದಿಟ್ಟಿತು. ಮುಂದುವರಿದ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಹಲವು
ದೇಶಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಭಾರತದ ಹತ್ತಾರು ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದರ ಹಿಂದೆ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಾಮದೊರೆ
ಮತ್ತು ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರನ್ ಅವರ ಶ್ರಮವಿದೆ. ಇದು ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಹೊಣೆಗಾರಿಕೆ ನೀತಿಯ ಜತೆಗೆ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ
ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ಕಾರ್ಯತಂತ್ರವೂ ಹೌದು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೆಲ ಮ್ವುಅಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಡಾಲರ್ ಲಾಭವನ್ನು ಕಡೆಗಣಿಸಿಯೂ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್
ಭಾರತವನ್ನು ಡಿಜಿಟಲೀಕರಣ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿ ದೇಶವು </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">19</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ನೇ
ಶತಮಾನದಿಂದ ನೇರವಾಗಿ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">21</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ನೇ ಶತಮಾನಕ್ಕೆ ನೆಗೆಯಿತು. ಬೃಹತ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣವಾದ
ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಅನುಭವವೂ ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ಗೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1995–96</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿ
ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನ ಸಿಇಒ ಹುದ್ದೆಯಿಂದ ನಿರ್ಗಮಿಸಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯ
ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಾಹಕೇತರ ಉಪಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಾದರು. ಸುಲಲಿತ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಹಸ್ತಾಂತರದ ವಿಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಅವರು
ಮೇಲ್ಪಂಕ್ತಿ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಟ್ಟರು. ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಹಸ್ತಾಂತರವು ಭಾರತದ ಹಲವು ಕಂಪನಿಗಳ
ಕೊರತೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">52</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;"> ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಥಾಪಕ ಪಿ.ಎಂ. ಅಗರ್ವಾಲ್ ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ
ಸಿಇಒ ಆದವರು ಐವರು ಮಾತ್ರ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1999</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರಲ್ಲಿ
ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರು ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನಿಂದ ಔಪಚಾರಿಕವಾಗಿ ನಿವೃತ್ತರಾದರು. ಟಾಟಾ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಇಡೀ
ದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಪರಿಹಾರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಸಲಹೆ ನೀಡುವುದನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರಿಸಿದರು.
ಅವರ ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನದಿಂದ ಹೇಗೆಲ್ಲ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನ ಪಡೆದಿದ್ದೇವೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಟಾಟಾ ಸನ್ಸ್ನ ಈಗಿನ
ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ ಎನ್.ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರನ್ ಸೇರಿ ಅನೇಕ ಉದ್ಯಮಿಗಳು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಶಿಕ್ಷಣ
ತಜ್ಣ್ರರು ಬಹಿರಂಗವಾಗಿಯೇ ಹೇಳಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾದ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ತೃಪ್ತಿ
ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">‘</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಇಂಡಿಕ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">’ </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ
ಬೇಕು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್ ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲದ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭಾರತೀಯ
ಭಾಷೆ ಬಳಸುವವರಿಗೆ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬಳಕೆ ಕೈಗೆಟುಕಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್
ಕಂದರ ನಿವಾರಣೆಯಾಗಬೇಕು ಎಂಬುದು ಅವರ ಬಯಕೆಯಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಇಂತಹ ದಾರ್ಶನಿಕ ನಾಯಕನ ಬದುಕಿನ ಎಲ್ಲ
ಆಯಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಿಕೊಡುವುದು ಸುಲಭವಲ್ಲ. ನರಿಮನ್ ಪಾಯಿಂಟ್ನ ಏರ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ
ಕಟ್ಟಡದ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">11</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ನೇ ಮಹಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರು</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> 2020</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರ
ಮಾರ್ಚ್ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">16</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ರವರೆಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದರು. ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಜತೆಗೆ ತಮ್ಮ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">96</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ನೇ
ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಬ್ಬ ಆಚರಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಇಳಿದು ಹೋಗಿದ್ದರು.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ನಂತರ ಬಂದದ್ದೇ ಕೋವಿಡ್ ಸಾಂಕ್ರಾಮಿಕ ತಡೆಗಾಗಿ ಲಾಕ್ಡೌನ್. ಅವರು
ಅನಿವಾರ್ಯವಾಗಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಫ್ಲ್ಯಾಟ್ಗೆ ಸೀಮಿತರಾಗಬೇಕಾಯಿತು. ವಯಸ್ಸಾಗಿತ್ತು ಎನ್ನುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ
ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಕಚೇರಿಗೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗಲಿಕ್ಕಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ನಿರ್ಬಂಧವೇ ಅವರನ್ನು ಹಣ್ಣು
ಮಾಡಿರಬಹುದೇನೋ. ಇಲ್ಲದೇ ಇದ್ದರೆ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಭಾರತರತ್ನ
ವಿಶ್ವೇಶರಯ್ಯ ಅವರಂತೆ ಈ ಕರ್ಮಯೋಗಿಯೂ ಶತಾಯುಷಿ ಆಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಕೊಹ್ಲಿ ಅವರ ನಿಧನದೊಂದಿಗೆ
ಭಾರತವು ದಾರ್ಶನಿಕ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ನಿರ್ಮಾತೃವೊಬ್ಬರನ್ನು ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span></span></p><p>
</p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(</span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಲೇಖಕ
ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಟಿಸಿಎಸ್ನ ಮಾಜಿ ಉಪಾಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ</span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="KN" style="font-family: Tunga, sans-serif;">ಗ್ರಂಥಕತೃ
ಮತ್ತು ನಿಯಾಸ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿಥಿ ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕ)</span></b></span></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-48647057351445116162020-11-30T14:39:00.111+05:302020-12-18T09:58:53.020+05:30Obituary F C Kohli (1924-2020)<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Frontiersman</span></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKzsSGjhxVKrF17X_HTyb-FZWELNDYIY86gBpcfVLAUd_v7s9jBWk_6KIAX4Nug7VtcxA1g9dZubj-FZcZRJaOpVX8JAHs1K42PSXELXp6EejwbVHnOS5HwUOGwxAbUsUGCUBAS7v4_I/s2048/FCK+by+Palashranjan+Bhaumick+.tif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1518" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIKzsSGjhxVKrF17X_HTyb-FZWELNDYIY86gBpcfVLAUd_v7s9jBWk_6KIAX4Nug7VtcxA1g9dZubj-FZcZRJaOpVX8JAHs1K42PSXELXp6EejwbVHnOS5HwUOGwxAbUsUGCUBAS7v4_I/w474-h640/FCK+by+Palashranjan+Bhaumick+.tif" width="474" /></a></b></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; line-height: 36px;">F C Kohli (March 19, 1924-Nov 26, 2020)</span></b></div></b><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font-family: helvetica; font-size: xx-small;">Photo Credit: Palashranjan Bhaumick</span></span></span></b></div></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: left;">(Excerpts of this obituary appeared in </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: left;">Business India</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-align: left;"> magazine Nov 30-Dec 13, 2020</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">(Rediff.com is publishing this obituary tribute in instalments: </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">1) https://www.rediff.com/business/special/fc-kohli-the-visionary-who-made-indian-it-industry-global/20201202.htm </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">2) https://www.rediff.com/business/special/how-f-c-kohli-and-tcs-conquered-the-world/20201207.htm )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>F</b></span>aqir
Chand Kohli was a frontiersman literally and metaphorically.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He was
born as the youngest son of Gobindram Kohli and Bhagwanti Devi on March 19,
1924 in Peshawar, North West Frontier Province of undivided India (now part of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan) . Gobindram Kohli was a self made businessman
who started small and grew a prosperous drapery and clothing business,
"Kriparam Drapers" in Peshawar Cantonment that became the most
reputed and sought after firm in North India for various types of European
clothing. It had a large clientele consisting of officers of the British
military and Civil Services as well as Indian elite. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">His
eldest brother Devraj Kohli mentored him and encouraged him to take academics
seriously. When Kohli topped his Matriculation from the NWFP his brother pushed
him to join Government College, Lahore, then a cradle of higher education in
North India. The alumni list of Government College Lahore reads like the
"who's who" of the Indian subcontinent of 20th century in films,
literature, politics, military as well as in civil services.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">On
graduating from college in flying colours with a BA and a BSc (honours) in
Physics in 1944, Kohli was distraught because he had just lost his father
during exams. Disturbed, he toyed with joining the Indian Navy as an Officer
and after few months of training at Nowgong Cantonment near Jhansi and passing
all the exams, had second thoughts when he was chosen by the Government of
North West Frontier Province for a scholarship to study Engineering at the
Queens University, Kingston, Canada. Kohli chose Electrical Engineering at
Queens and after BS had a short stint at General Electric, Canada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He was
keen to get a masters in Power Engineering so took permission from the
Government of India and stayed back. He self financed his study at MIT,
Cambridge, Massachusetts for a Masters in Power Engineering. There he was also
exposed to the new fangled subject of System Engineering which grew during WWII.
MIT was a pioneer in introducing a course at MS level in System Engineering and
Control Systems. Knowledge hungry Kohli took full advantage. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This early
exposure to System Engineering at MIT had a far reaching influence on Kohli's
thinking in the rest of his engineering career. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On
completing his masters at MIT, he was surprised to find a suggestion by Indian
Government representatives in US to consider joining Tata Electric Companies which
was a private sector company that had pioneered electricity generation,
transmission and distribution in Bombay, Pune, and surrounding cities of Thane,
Kalyan etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He
accepted the suggestion though he did not know much about Tata Group at that
time and joined Ebasco International, in New York. Ebasco were then a leading
consulting company for power projects in North and South America and were also
technical Managing Agents for Tata Electric Companies at Bombay. He had
intensive practical training with them in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts
etc. before leaving for India in 1951.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">While
he was pursuing higher education in North America his family had lost all their
property and business during partition and had moved to Lucknow and Delhi. The
mayhem and anarchy of partition shocked him and hurt him deeply since he had
seen a different peaceful coexistence and friendship between Hindus, Sikhs and
Muslims both at Peshawar and Lahore all his life till he left for North America
in 1944.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">But
the Kohlis were a forward looking family without wasting energy in anger, self
pity and nostalgia. He took heart from the positive attitude of his mother and
elder brother and mentor and plunged himself in the new life at Tata Electric
Companies, Mumbai. He spent long hours at Kalyan, Khopoli, Lonavala, Parel,
Dharavi learning all about the hydroelectric generating stations, load dispatch
centre, receiving stations and at the head office in Bombay House near today's
Hutatma Chowk in south Mumbai. He was given the task by engineers at Ebasco
International stationed at Mumbai to modernise Load Dispatch after learning
everything about the entire generation, transmission and distribution system as
well as the practices at Tata Electric.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He did
an admirable job of it and the proof of the pudding is in the high quality
(stable voltage and fixed frequency) of uninterrupted power that Mumbai City
gets for the last five decades or more. It has been rated by many power
aficionados as equal to or better than that of New York City. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tata
Electric was already a tech savy company before Kohli entered it. For example
when North America was using 64 KV transmission lines Tata Electric was using
110 KV and General Electric had to manufacture appropriate circuit breakers
specially for Tata Electric and so on. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While
at Tata Electric, in the '50s Kohli was introduced to another power engineer
and passionate educationist, P K Kelkar. Kelkar was then the principal of VJTI,
the top engineering college in Mumbai. Kohli immediately involved himself in
engineering education which lasted his lifetime. He pioneered the first course
in System Engineering and Control Systems at VJTI at MTech level in 1956
lecturing there during the weekend. Kelkar and Kohli's friendship evolved and
when Kelkar was called upon by the Government of India to first establish Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay and later Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur;
Kohli was enthusiastically by Kelkar's side and actively scouted abroad recruits
to the faculty of electrical engineering both at IIT Bombay and IIT Kanpur. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It
is well known that IITs have played a major role in the IT revolution in India
as well as in the Silicon Valley. Indeed many engineers that joined Kohli at
TCS later in the 70s were IIT Bombay and IIT Kanpur products and so also were N
R Narayanamurthy and Nandan Nilekani who founded Infosys in the 80s. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">As engineering education and Computer Science proliferated in the last 30 years the the quantitative out put was explosive but the quality of graduates left much to be desired. Kohli and his team at TCS hence broadedend their interaction from IITs and IIMs to over 200 engineering colleges and involved themselves in faculty development, curriculum modernisation, R&D collaboration and sponsorship etc. etc. Some cynics might call this mere supply chain management but the concrete impact of the Academic Interaction Program of TCS has been salutory on engineering education.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">While still at Tata Electric, knowledge hungry Kohli enroled himself for a course at IITK
for computer programming in 1963 when IITK acquired its first IBM 1620 computer. Later in 1964 when TIFR (Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research), Mumbai brought in a CDC 3600 mainframe computer as a central computing facility not only for its scientists but also for outside users as a time sharing facility, Kohli enroled
many of his colleagues from Tata Electric for courses in programming at TIFR. Between 1964 and 1966, Tata Eletcric became the biggest single user of the main frame
computer at TIFR for all its needs consuming as much as 25% of Computer time. In
1966 Tata Electric persuaded the Central Water and Power Commission to allow it
to import a computer exclusively for its own use and became the first power company in Asia and only the third in the world to use a digital computer for
Load Dispatch and other network management issues. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Cambria, serif;">After having studied the issues regarding power transmission in Mumbai
and India he wrote a technical paper in 1961 in IEEE Journal, recommending that
in order to build a national power grid the government should invest in 400KV
or 500KV transmission lines to achieve maximum efficiency and economy. The
result is what we see today as PGCIL (Power Grid Corporation of India).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Till recently seeing the problems in Indian power sector and especially
the enormous wastage in transmission and distribution losses he mooted time and
again that nation's top power engineering academics at IITs, IISc etc should
setup a consulting group to help the state and central organisations in the
power sector. He kept in touch with bright IIT faculty in the subject even in
his 90s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Thus the frontiersman remained at the frontier of power engineering.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kohli
also pushed for the creation of a community of engineers to solve both technical
and societal problems. He actively associated himself with the largest and the
most prestigious such organisation of professional engineers in the world, IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), which has today nearly 500,000
members worldwide. He worked tirelessly to expand IEEE activities and
membership in India. This helped Indian engineers and engineering students and
faculty enter the global arena on equal intellectual footing with their global
peers. IEEE honoured him with its prestigious Founders Medal in 2012. The first
Indian to be thus honoured.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">After
seeing Kohli's pioneering adoption of computers to power engineering, J R D
Tata, Nani Palkhivala and P M Agrawala invited Kohli to join the fledgling TCS
in 1969. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One
should appreciate the sagacity and audacity of JRD and Palkhivala in founding
TCS as a division of Tata Sons on April 1, 1968. At that time there was no
Microsoft or Intel, SAP or Accenture, much less Google et al. Hewlett Packard
whose evolution near Palo Alto, California seeded the birth of the Silicon
Valley, was then a lab equipment making company producing oscilloscopes and
oscillators. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In this situation the founders of TCS were dreaming of bringing
the benefits of Computers, to Indian society and economy. They wanted TCS to
develop applications using the computers made by a handful of companies viz
IBM, Digital Equipment, Burroughs and ICL (UK). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">JRD
and Palkhivala were business visionaries but not techies. They needed a person
who could build and execute their vision: a frontiersman; a problem solver and
an institution builder. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It was
their and India's good fortune that Faqir Chand Kohli more than measured up to
their requirements and indeed laid the foundation to take TCS to unimaginable
heights and to the giant success that it is today. In that process he helped create
the technique, the systems, human resources and the ecosystem of a whole
Industry that has caught the rest of the nations by surprise and admiration and
envy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Today
in the world of global business India is a synonym for IT services. Indian IT industry
is nearing $200 billion in size and it is Indian IT services exports that are
virtually financing our growing oil and other imports. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">By far
the biggest achievement of Kohli has been the building of TCS (Tata Consultancy
Services) which is today neck and neck with Accenture and the fabled IBM in
terms of number of engineers working in it (nearly half a million) as well as in
market valuation. TCS is the unrivalled Jewel in the Crown of Tata Group. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">However
when Kohli took over TCS, it had completed one year with not much to show. It
had a dozen consultants and had made a loss of a few lakhs. Clearly there
were not many takers for computer services in India in 1968-69. According to an
apocryphal story of that period, when Kohli first entered TCS he did not find
his colleagues in the office at Nariman Point. Puzzled but shrewd Kohli went
outside a popular movie theatre opposite Churchgate station at Matinee timings
and lo and behold he saw the entire consulting staff emerging from it after the
show !</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From
those early days in 1969, brick by brick Kohli built a team of techies;
recruited bright engineers, Chartered Accountants, science and math
postgraduates, as a matter of fact anyone who looked smart and hard working
enough to his sharp gaze. Then he went looking for prospective clients in
Mumbai and rest of India: telephone companies looking for a better Directory;
Universities looking for faster exam results and mark sheets; utilities
struggling with billing their thousands of consumers; banks and insurance
companies struggling to manage their ledgers and reconciliation; anyone looking
for help in accounting and payroll etc etc. He used a couple of ICL machines
which were already in Tata fold. As work started flowing in, TCS needed the
newer and more powerful machines. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">At
that time IBM was already entrenched in India selling and leasing their
machines to academia and government, shrewd Kohli looked for a new partner and
he found it in Burroughs which at that time had no presence in India and also
had a technically better machine than IBM and was looking to expand. The first
obstacle he found was the forex starved government trying to recover from 50%
devaluation of Indian rupee vis a vis dollar at World Bank's behest in 1966-67
and per force did not encourage anyone importing expensive computers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">After
intensive lobbying the government provisionally approved Kohli's request provided
TCS earned more foreign exchange than what it paid to import the computer. Thus
started TCS' outward journey, while keeping its feet firmly on Indian
ground. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kohli
started scouting the world market in developed and developing countries
charming his way into senior executives' offices flashing his MIT and IEEE credentials,
trying to convince them that his team of bright engineers and programmers in
India could help their businesses achieve better efficiency using computers.
And if they are already using computers then TCS could write new software
solutions or fix problems in old ones etc etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">If the
client preferred to see TCS in action in front of his eyes then Kohli was
ready to send his best and brightest abroad to client sites and if he could
charm them to agree to outsource the project to India with a guarantee of satisfactory
completion, in time and within budget, thereby cutting costs to both parties
then all the better and so on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The recession
hit global companies after the OPEC oil shock in 1973 started trusting him and TCS
team stood and delivered to the delight of clients. Immediately Kohli sent S
Mahalingam to establish TCS in UK and S Ramadorai to establish TCS in North
America. It was through slow, painstaking and relentless work that Kohli and
his bright team started getting client recognition and projects. It was high
quality work at much lower cost than before thereby not only warming the cockles
of the hearts of clients' IT departments but more importantly their CFOs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">How
did Kohli go about solving the problem of large project execution or scaling up
business ? Here he ingeniously applied his knowledge of System Engineering
gained at MIT two decades earlier. He realised that programming was an
essentially artisan like activity. Each programmer had his own logic and way of
devising the solution, it was not a team effort, it could not be replicated and
it could not even be fixed or improved by a different person.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">So the
challenge was to industrialise software development. It involved setting up
programming standards, quality standards, modular architecture, breaking the
problem into components that could be developed by several people
simultaneously, readymade libraries of software components, automating
some aspects of software development and maintenance and so on and so forth.
This later came to be known as software engineering. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Extending
the lessons of 300 year old manufacturing; amply demonstrated by Henry
Ford's assembly line and Toyota's Just in Time and distributed manufacturing
and co-engineering etc to software development, Kohli and his able team of
lieutenants rubbed shoulders with global giants like IBM and showed their
mettle in setting up the entire ecosystem in house. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">This
created a phalanx of able software architects, project managers, performance
engineers, quality experts, people managers inside TCS. It also created a
couple of hundred </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">confident IT leaders
within TCS. Soon others outside TCS started following similar methodology and
Indian IT started becoming a phenomenon. The sheer number of TCSers who went on
to found new IT companies or who became CEOs, COOs and CTOs as well as middle
level project managers in other IT companies shows that Kohli not only built
TCS but the human resources created by him also helped create a whole industry.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Today
every IT company of the world wants to hire Indian talent not because of labour
arbitrage but because of the unparalleled quantity and quality of software
engineering talent. In a way what Kohli and TCS innovated and which Indian IT
industry adopted has been a disruptive business innovation in Global IT. The
late Clayton Christensen who coined the term "disruptive innovation" at
Harvard Business School much later would certainly nod his admiration and
approval from the heavens. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the
last two decades China opened up its doors to TCS and other Indian IT
companies and rolled out the red carpet, precisely to learn from them and get
their Chinese software engineers trained. The author was eye witness to Chinese
PM, Wen Jiabao admitting as much when he visited TCS office in Bengaluru in April
2005.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interestingly Kohli not only learnt certain concepts from manufacturing and brought them into IT services but also firmly believed that manufacturing will be further revolutionised by IT. Hence when JRD, Palkhivala and Kohli decided to establish an R&D centre for TCS in 1981 they wanted it to be different from the existing R&D centres in the public or private sectors. Tata Research Design & Development Centre (TRDDC) which was thus established at Pune, had not only a software engineering group headed by Kesav Nori, but the over all director was E C Subbarao a renowned material scientist. Thus Kohli encouraged research and development into manufacturing, material science side by side with software engineering. TRDDC came up with several innovations in Tata Steel, Hindustan Zinc, Hindustan Copper and the cement industry besides a veritable arsenal of software tools that were the envy of IT pioneers like IBM.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">This work
to lay the foundation of Indian IT services took TCS about 25 years.
Then in the early nineties Kohli spotted a once in a lifetime opportunity;
the impending Y2K problem for global users of computers. All major
computer users: Air Lines, Utilities, Banks, stock exchanges, global
corporations etc etc wanted to make sure that all their computer software will
continue to work as before when the clock struck 12:00:01 </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">am on 1st Jan 2000. There were fears that the
computers would go to potentially disastrous 1 Jan 00 and not 1 Jan 2000. To be
hundred percent sure of smooth business continuity billions of lines of
computer programs had to be checked. And that too well in advance of the
beginning of the new millennium.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Many
business historians have noted that correcting this code led to spurt in TCS
revenue and also of other Indian IT companies big and small. But few know that
TCS alone processed over 700 million lines of code in 2-3 years that is almost
30% of global code. However the secret of TCS success in this too is due to ingenious
System Engineering and Software Engineering that Kohli and his proteges S
Ramadorai, S Mahalingam and R&D head Kesav Nori applied to the problem. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">TCS
developed software tools that scanned any program that was fed to them, automatically
found where the date field appeared and changed it to four digits while making
sure of the integrity of the rest of software so that after 1999 which appeared
in the old code as 99 it would not become 00 but correctly 2000. Equipped with such
in house software automation tools developed by the team at TRDDC (Tata Research Design and Development Centre), their R&D centre at Pune, they set
up a Software Factory in Chennai and achieved to the clients' satisfaction what
looked unachievable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">In the
bargain they had gone into the heart of all the critical systems of most of
Fortune 500 companies. So when the Y2K problem was fixed they went back and
proposed other improvements in clients' software whose innards were already
known to them ! TCS never looked back from there and within 3 years, in 2003
hit a $1 billion in revenue. The first Indian IT company to do so.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">All
along, while earning dollar revenues Kohli and S Ramadorai and N Chandrasekharan
who followed Kohli as CEOs never took their eyes off the original intent of
founders, JRD and Palkhivala, viz modernise Indian economy and society using
computers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Though
there was hardly any money to be made in IT projects in India, TCS trudged
through government bureaucracy and misplaced political fear of unemployment to
build Digital India. Today if India's banks, insurance companies, stock
exchanges, depositories, commodity markets, forex markets, manufacturing, small
and medium businesses, government to citizen services etc etc are enviably
digital, compared to many other advanced countries, then the nation owes a lot
to Kohli and the engineers he mentored like Ramadorai and Chandrasekharan. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This
was socially responsible policy but also a brilliant business strategy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Digitising
India even at the cost of some profits not only made many aspects of Indian
life jump straight from the 19th to the 21st century but also gave the
experience to TCS of building large and complex digital systems from the
bottoms up. This gave them much needed testimonials to bid for complex
international projects and win them against the stiffest competition. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">For
example if you have successfully built the core banking system for the State
Bank of India with more than 400 million accounts and 14000 branches, at times located in totally inadequate rural surroundings with highly challenged power and
telecom infrastructure, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>then you can
surely build one for any other foreign bank? After all the entire population of
US is less than 400 million and the largest bank in the world the Citi group
has less than 3000 branches ! Today TCS is a veritable powerhouse in global banking,
insurance and financial services.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">When
Kohli had to step down as CEO of TCS and assume the non executive role of Vice
Chairman in 1995-96 he also set an example of smooth methodical succession
planning. A feature absent in many Indian companies. Thus in its 52 years of
history TCS has had less than 5 CEOs including the founding P M Agrawala. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kohli evaluated
about half a dozen prospective candidates who could take his place. He <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>methodically graded their abilities in various
aspects of leadership and then armed with objective, quantitative notes
chose S Ramadorai as the next CEO. He also called the others individually and
showed them their scores and why they lost out so that there could be no room
for rancour or allegations of favouritism and arbitrariness. He wished that
they continue in TCS and help Ramadorai as able support but when someone
expressed their wish to leave for better leadership opportunities elsewhere, he
regretfully let them go while wishing them well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In the
year 1999 Kohli formally retired from TCS. But not from mentoring and problem
solving not only for the Tatas but also for the nation. Many professionals from
diverse fields and companies including the current chairman of Tata Sons, N
Chandrasekharan have publicly acknowledged how they benefitted from his
mentoring.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One of
his passions was to remove the scourge of illiteracy from India in a short
period of time. he applied himself to the problem and using the assistance of P
N Murthy and Kesav Nori came out with a brilliant solution that could teach any
adult to read any language with just 40 hours of instruction using the most
elementary discarded second hand PC. This software which was called CBFL
(Computer Based Functional Literacy) demonstrated its usefulness when
it was used in several districts of India by enthusiastic District
Collectors to make hundreds of thousands of adults functionally literate. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">It so
impressed the visiting First Lady of South Africa that she requested TCS to
adapt it to teach some of the less spoken languages in South Africa and the TCS
team happily obliged. Kohli and TCS have given the software away free. However
it's sad that the bureaucrats in the government of India are yet to recognise
its revolutionary potential and adopt it to make India fully functionally
literate in less than 5 years.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">At the turn of the century, some politicians
started calling India pompously an ‘IT Superpower’. However the man who started
it all was far removed from such empty pomposity. He weighed his words and
actions alike. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He patiently advocated in all forums that
India cannot be a significant player on the global technology map without a
developed hardware industry. India missed the micro chip revolution mainly due
to autarkic policies of the government in the 60s and 70s. Later the global
chip industry evolved into a design and testing segment and a chip fabrication
segment. Kohli advocated developing appropriate courses in IITs and other
engineering colleges to develop the human resources for high-end chip design
and testing which actually constitutes about 80% of value. As a result India
has become home to a thriving chip design and testing industry. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A passion for Kohli has been improving the
standards of engineering education. Twenty five years ago, in the mid '90s he started advocating
that a handful of IITs are insufficient and at least 50 existing engineering colleges
in India have the potential to reach the IIT standards if appropriate
investments are made and guidance provided . Though the Government of India ignored
his far reaching proposal, he was tasked by the Government of Maharashtra to
identify such colleges in Maharashtra and put in motion a plan to upgrade them
to IIT standards.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A committee headed by Kohli identified four
such colleges for upgradation. He then took up the challenge, coming up with a
gap analysis report and also engaged himself as an active chairman of the board
to raise the standard of College of Engineering at Pune, a 150 year old
institution, an alma mater of such illustrious names like M Visvesvaraya, C K N
Patel, Thomas Kailath, Hatim Tyabji et al. but which had since then gone downhill. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He gave them a systematic road map, handpicked
Anil Sahasrabuddhe from IIT Guwahati as director (currently Chairman AICTE) mentored them step by
step to achieve parity with IITs in undergraduate and post graduate engineering
education in about 5 years time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Kohli was not content with the state of
Digital India, though it has developed spectacularly in the last two decades.
He persistently advocated focused efforts to develop Indic Computing so that
over the 90% of India’s population which does not know English and carries out
its business in Indian languages would then cross the digital divide. “And then
you will see a genuine digital revolution”, he often said.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria, serif;">Kohli was unafraid to be contrarian. For
example when much dust was raised over organized retail of both Indian and
foreign pedigree, as possibly threatening the livelihood of small businesses
and especially retailers; he advocated the development of appropriate IT tools
to help small businessmen and traders. Combining affordable IT with their
native ingenuity and entrepreneurship he believed would enable Indian small
businesses match anyone and thrive.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Cambria, serif;">This was typical of Kohli, when faced with
a problem he never regressed into defensive strategies nor engaged in empty
bravado but advocated appropriate technological and societal solutions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">It is
difficult to capture such a visionary and leader in a few pages in an
obit. It suffices to recall that he worked in TCS office on the 11th floor of
Air India building at Nariman Point till March 16, 2020 and then he left to
celebrate his 96th birthday with his family.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Then
came the lockdown due to Covid pandemic and he was forced to confine
himself to his flat nearby. I suspect the restrictions and not being able to go
to his office and work pulled him down more than aging. I was sure that this
Karmayogi would be a centurian like another engineer Bharat Ratna, M
Visvesvaraya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In Kohli's passing away India has lost a visionary and a nation builder. Our deepest
condolences to his family and an army of colleagues and admirers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Shivanand
Kanavi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Author
is former VP TCS, author and Business Journalist)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-73750897083965425532020-11-06T20:17:00.004+05:302020-12-10T12:29:20.438+05:30Missed Physics Nobel 2009: Narinder Singh Kapany<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZqu5SQvSCWreGOvng-us09iCrh0ScXwzGhORSyLpqPwlTDpIobpeSXeZZSNbEjZVlIirCm5ih2ebtDIyeyNtHAm8rHf0RKNCLMcGaLJKCTS9gT2PTSEpD-R1qsvufl5gs8a44r04NLpM/s1600-h/Kapany+1951.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="550" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390126844866634930" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZqu5SQvSCWreGOvng-us09iCrh0ScXwzGhORSyLpqPwlTDpIobpeSXeZZSNbEjZVlIirCm5ih2ebtDIyeyNtHAm8rHf0RKNCLMcGaLJKCTS9gT2PTSEpD-R1qsvufl5gs8a44r04NLpM/w640-h550/Kapany+1951.jpg" style="cursor: hand; float: left; height: 172px; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; width: 200px;" width="640" /></a>
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<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://news.rediff.com/special/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm">http://news.rediff.com/special/2009/oct/08/how-india-missed-another-nobel-prize.htm</a> </div><div><strong><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"><br /></span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"></span></strong>
<strong><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;">How India missed another Nobel Prize</span></strong> </div><div>October 08, 2009 </div><div><em><strong></strong></em>
<em><strong>Shivanand Kanavi</strong> reveals how Narinder Kapany, the Father of Fibre Optics, missed out on a Nobel Prize this year. </em></div><div><br /></div><div>
First, it was Jagadish Chandra Bose at the turn of the century, who was the first to demonstrate wireless signaling in 1895. Later, he even created a radio wave receiver called the 'coherer' from iron and mercury. Though he showed no interest in patenting it, Bose demonstrated his inventions in Kolkata and London
Sir Neville Mott, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1978, in fact commented that Bose had foreseen the 'n' and 'p' type semiconductors, and was 'sixty years ahead of his time.' However, the Nobel Prize in Physics for wireless communication was awarded to Guglielmo Marconi in 1909, 14 years after Bose had demonstrated the possibility.
Then came Satyendranath Bose, who sent a paper on the statistics of quanta of light–photons to Albert Einstein. Einstein supported the paper and got it published in Zeitschrift der Physik in 1924, and that in turn gave birth to the now famous Bose-Einstein statistics and the term 'Bosons' for all those elementary particles that follow it.
Even though three Nobel Prizes have been awarded for works based on Bose statistics, the originator of the idea was never awarded one.
Moving on, G N Ramachandran deserved a Nobel for his work on bio-molecular structures in general and, more particularly, the triple helical structure of collagen.
E C George Sudarshan produced pioneering contributions to Quantum Optics and coherence, but his work was ignored, and Roy Glauber was awarded the Physics Nobel in 2005 for the same work.
And so to this week: The press release issued by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on the Nobel Prize for Physics for 2009 says 'one half' of the prize has been awarded to Charles K Kao 'for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication.' </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrziyecJDbi8nR-IVZcJl3RH2jObwxjHNX4DY1vtHZWLuIlJO0RxApwdrKVxdwO2lPKuo5eL75_CTcuQ_K76ex6Uo2QQRBcDFY9TZay7DooOg0X4a_HXiCG2aAk6L5d3Pdt886Y5uGet4/s1600-h/Narendra+Kapany+(1).JPG"><img alt="" border="0" height="626" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390126838932514178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrziyecJDbi8nR-IVZcJl3RH2jObwxjHNX4DY1vtHZWLuIlJO0RxApwdrKVxdwO2lPKuo5eL75_CTcuQ_K76ex6Uo2QQRBcDFY9TZay7DooOg0X4a_HXiCG2aAk6L5d3Pdt886Y5uGet4/w557-h626/Narendra+Kapany+(1).JPG" style="cursor: hand; float: left; height: 200px; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; width: 178px;" width="557" /></a></div><div> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>What the Academy omitted to note was that Moga, Punjab-born Narinder Singh Kapany, widely considered the Father of Fibre Optics, and, in this capacity, featured in a 1999 Fortune magazine article on the 'Unsung Heroes of the 20th Century', had far the stronger claim. </div><div> Charles Kao in a 1966 paper put forward the idea of using glass fibres for communication using light; he tirelessly evangelised it and fully deserves a share of the Prize. </div><div>However, the fact remains that it was Kapany who first demonstrated successfully that light can be transmitted through bent glass fibres during his doctoral work at the Imperial College of Science in London in the early fifties, and published the findings in a paper in Nature in 1954. </div><div> Since then, Kapany tirelessly developed applications of fibre optics for endoscopy during the fifties and later coined the term Fibre Optics in an article in Scientific American in 1960. His body of work provided the basis for the developments of any and all applications in communications. </div><div> In a book published in 2007 by Rupa & Co titled <strong>Sand to Silicon: The Amazing Story of Digital Technology,</strong> I had written of the respective contributions of Kapany and Kao to the field of Fiber Optics. A relevant excerpt (pages: 154-159):
'Very few Indians know that an Indian, Narinder Singh Kapany, a pioneer in the field, coined the term (Fibre Optics) in 1960. We will come to his story later on, but before that let us look at what fibre optics is. It all started with queries like: Can we channel light through a curved path, even though we know that light travels in a straight line?'
'Why is that important? Well, suppose you want to examine an internal organ of the human body for diagnostic or surgical purposes. You would need a flexible pipe carrying light. Similarly, if you want to communicate by using light signals, you cannot send light through the air for long distances; you need a flexible cable carrying light over such distances.' </div><div> 'The periscopes we made as class projects when we were in school, using cardboard tubes and pieces of mirror, are actually devices to bend light. Bending light at right angles as in a periscope was simple. Bending light along a smooth curve is not so easy. But it can be done, and that is what is done in optic fibre cables.' </div><div> 'For centuries people have built canals or viaducts to direct water for irrigation or domestic use. These channels achieve maximum effect if the walls or embankments do not leak.'
'Similarly, if we have a pipe whose insides are coated with a reflecting material, then photons or waves can be directed along easily without getting absorbed by the wall material.' </div><div> 'A light wave gets reflected millions of times inside such a pipe (the number depending on the length and diameter of the pipe and the narrowness of the light beam).' </div><div> 'This creates the biggest problem for pipes carrying light. Even if we can get coatings with 99.99 per cent reflectivity, the tiny 'leakage' of 0.01 per cent on each reflection can result in a near-zero signal after 10,000 reflections.' </div><div> 'Here a phenomenon called total internal reflection comes to the rescue. If we send a light beam from water into air, it behaves peculiarly as we increase the angle between the incident ray and the perpendicular.' </div><div> 'We reach a point when any increase in the angle of incidence results in the light not leaving the water and, instead, getting reflected back entirely. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.' </div><div> 'Any surface, however finely polished, absorbs some light, and hence repeated reflections weaken a beam.'
'But total internal reflection is a hundred per cent, which means that if we make a piece of glass as non-absorbent as possible, and if we use total internal reflection, we can carry a beam of light over long distances inside a strand of glass.' </div><div> 'This is the principle used in fibre optics.'
'The idea is not new. In the 1840s, Swiss physicist Daniel Collandon and French physicist Jacques Babinet showed that light could be guided along jets of water.'
'British physicist John Tyndall popularised the idea further through his public demonstrations in 1854, guiding light in a jet of water flowing from a tank.' </div><div> 'Since then this method has been commonly used in water fountains. If we keep sources of light that change their colour periodically at the fountainhead, it appears as if differently coloured water is springing out of the fountain.'</div><div> 'Later many scientists conceived of bent quartz rods carrying light, and even patented some of these inventions. But it took a long time for these ideas to be converted into commercially viable products. One of the main hurdles was the considerable absorption of light inside glass rods.' </div><div><br /></div><div> 'Narinder Singh Kapany recounted to the author, "When I was a high school student at Dehradun in the beautiful foothills of the Himalayas, it occurred to me that light need not travel in a straight line, that it could be bent. I carried the idea to college. Actually it was not an idea but the statement of a problem. When I worked in the ordnance factory in Dehradun after my graduation, I tried using right-angled prisms to bend light.'
'However, when I went to London to study at the Imperial College and started working on my thesis, my advisor, Dr Hopkins, suggested that I try glass cylinders instead of prisms. So I thought of a bundle of thin glass fibres, which could be bent easily. Initially my primary interest was to use them in medical instruments for looking inside the human body. The broad potential of optic fibres did not dawn on me till 1955. It was then that I coined the term fibre optics."' </div><div><br /></div><div> 'Kapany and others were trying to use a glass fibre as a light pipe or, technically speaking, a 'dielectric wave guide'. But drawing a fibre of optical quality, free from impurities, was not an easy job. Kapany went to the Pilkington Glass Company, which manufactured glass fibre for non-optical purposes. For the company, the optical quality of the glass was not important.'
'"I took some optical glass and requested them to draw fiber from that," says Kapany. "I also told them that I was going to use it to transmit light. They were perplexed, but humoured me."' </div><div> 'A few months later Pilkington sent spools of fibre made of green glass, which is used to make beer bottles. "They had ignored the optical glass I had given them. I spent months making bundles of fibre from what they had supplied and trying to transmit light through them, but no light came out. That was because it was not optical glass. So I had to cut the bundle to short lengths and then use a bright carbon arc source."' </div><div> 'Kapany was confronted with another problem. A naked glass fibre did not guide the light well. Due to surface defects, more light was leaking out than he had expected. To transmit a large image he would have needed a bundle of fibres containing several hundred strands; but contact between adjacent fibers led to loss of image resolution.'
'Several people then suggested the idea of cladding the fibre. Cladding, when made of glass of a lower refractive index than the core, reduced leakages and also prevented damage to the core. </div><div><br /></div><div>Finally, Kapany was successful; he and Hopkins published the results in 1954 in the British journal Nature.'
'Kapany then migrated to the US and worked further in fibre optics while teaching at Rochester and the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1960, with the invention of lasers, a new chapter opened in applied physics. From 1955 to 1965 Kapany was the lead author of dozens of technical and popular papers on the subject. His writings spread the gospel of fibre optics, casting him as a pioneer in the field.'
'His popular article on fibre optics in Scientific American in 1960 finally established the new term (fibre optics); the article constitutes a reference point for the subject even today. </div><div>In November 1999, Fortune magazine published profiles of seven people who have greatly influenced life in the twentieth century but are unsung heroes. Kapany was one of them.' </div><div> 'If we go back into the history of modern communications involving electrical impulses, we find that Alexander Graham Bell patented an optical telephone system in 1880. He called this a 'photophone'. Bell converted speech into electrical impulses, which he converted into light flashes.'
'A photosensitive receiver converted the signals back into electrical impulses, which were then converted into speech. But the atmosphere does not transmit light as reliably as wires do; there is heavy atmospheric absorption, which can get worse with fog, rain and other impediments.'
'As there were no strong and directional light sources like lasers at that time, optical communications went into hibernation. Bell's earlier invention, the telephone, proved far more practical. If Bell yearned to send signals through the air, far ahead of his time, we cannot blame him; after all, it's such a pain digging and laying cables.' </div><div> 'In the 1950s, as telephone networks spread, telecommunications engineers sought more transmission bandwidth. Light, as a carrying medium, promised the maximum bandwidth. Naturally, optic fibres attracted attention. But the loss of intensity of the signal was as high as a decibel per metre.'</div><div> 'This was fine for looking inside the body, but communications operated over much longer distances and could not tolerate losses of more than ten to twenty decibels per kilometre. </div><div>Now what do decibels have to do with it? Why is signal loss per kilometre measured in decibels?'
'The human ear is sensitive to sound on a logarithmic scale; that is why the decibel scale came into being in audio engineering, in the first place.' </div><div> 'If a signal gets reduced to half its strength over one kilometre because of absorption, after two kilometres it will become a fourth of its original strength. That is why communication engineers use the decibel scale to describe signal attenuation in cables.'
'In the early 1960s signal loss in glass fiber was one decibel per metre, which meant that after traversing ten metres of the fiber the signal was reduced to a tenth of its original strength.'
'After twenty metres the signal was a mere hundredth its original strength. As you can imagine, after traversing a kilometre no perceptible signal was left.'
</div><div><br /></div><div>'A small team at the Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in the UK was not put off by this drawback. This group was headed by Antoni Karbowiak, and later by a young Shanghai-born engineer, Charles Kao.'
'Kao studied the problem carefully and worked out a proposal for long-distance communications through glass fibres. He presented a paper at a London meeting of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1966, pointing out that the optic fibre of those days had an information-carrying capacity of one GHz, or an equivalent of 200 TV channels, or more than 200,000 telephone channels.'
</div><div><br /></div><div>'Although the best available low-loss material then showed a loss of about 1,000 decibels/kilometre (dB/km), he claimed that materials with losses of just 10 to 20 dB/km would eventually be developed.'
'With Kao almost evangelistically promoting the prospects of fibre communications, and the British Post Office (the forerunner to British Telecom) showing interest in developing such a network, laboratories around the world tried to make low-loss fibre. It took four years to reach Kao's goal of 20dB/km.'
'At the Corning Glass Works (now Corning Inc), Robert Maurer, Donald Keck and Peter Schultz used fused silica to achieve the feat. The Corning breakthrough opened the door to fibre-optic communications. In the same year, Bell Labs and a team at the Ioffe Physical Institute in Leningrad (now St Petersburg) made the first semiconductor lasers, able to emit a continuous wave at room temperature.'
'Over the next several years, fibre losses dropped dramatically, aided by improved fabrication methods and by the shift to longer wavelengths where fibers have inherently lower attenuation.' </div><div>'Today's fibres are so transparent that if the Pacific Ocean, which is several kilometres deep, were to be made of this glass we could see the ocean bed!'
'Note one point here. The absorption of light in glass depends not only on the chemical composition of the glass but also on the wavelength of light that is transmitted through it. It has been found that there are three windows with very low attenuation: One is around 900 nanometres, the next at 1,300 nm and the last one at 1,550 nm.' </div><div> 'Once engineers could develop lasers with those wavelengths, they were in business. This happened in the 1970s and 1980s, thanks to Herbert Kroemer's hetero-structures and many hard-working experimentalists.' </div><div> The excerpt ends here. While working on this book in 2003, and particularly this chapter, I had thought that with the world now firmly ensconced in the era of communications, it wouldn't be long before Narinder Kapany's pioneering work in the field was recognised with the Nobel Prize. </div><div> Now, I find that the name of the pioneer of fibre optics has been added to a very long list of Indians who, though richly deserving of the ultimate accolade, the Nobel Prize, have been mysteriously passed over by the august members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.</div></div><div>---------------------------</div>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-52079773909842517702020-10-27T19:12:00.002+05:302020-10-27T19:24:34.266+05:30 Why BECA when we have NavIC ?<p><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b> Why BECA when we have NavIC ?</b></span></p><p><b>(https://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-beca-when-we-have-navic/20201027.htm )</b></p><p><b>By SHIVANAND KANAVI</b></p><p>October 27, 2020 17:25 </p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Should we celebrate BECA as literal 'manna from the heavens', as the government wants us to believe, or should we be apprehensive?</span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPrWJ7U5RZzeH4SA63sk1_7Bs3BTQKyszR7zqKEvjrkQMB6XkQPCLenxQxoei8hgQdn-6nxXsUOz5xZmzbSSm9_mzukE6PynsiZOBl5dXTacSzgysVmysr7EfJImtozEkBGOqsS75reAY/s2048/IRNSS+1+F+Launch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1363" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPrWJ7U5RZzeH4SA63sk1_7Bs3BTQKyszR7zqKEvjrkQMB6XkQPCLenxQxoei8hgQdn-6nxXsUOz5xZmzbSSm9_mzukE6PynsiZOBl5dXTacSzgysVmysr7EfJImtozEkBGOqsS75reAY/w426-h640/IRNSS+1+F+Launch.jpg" width="426" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><h2 style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 100; line-height: normal; margin: 5px 0px 10px; text-align: center; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">PSLV-C32/IRNSS-1F</h2><p>Today GPS (Global Positioning System) is being used extensively in India and all over the world.</p><p>It is used to find your way to a destination using your smart phone maps anywhere in India; it is used by airplanes and ships and even fishing boats to navigate the vast seas and the sky safely and accurately.</p><p>What is available freely or at commercial rates is a service provided by satellite systems operated by the US Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and the European Union's Galileo.</p><p>The same satellite systems are also used in modern military to guide warships, tanks, missiles and drones.</p><p>But the signal for this military use is encrypted and is only available to the owners of these systems and their close allies if the owners choose to do so.</p><p>Even among 'allies' there is always the danger that the signal could be corrupted or turned off at a crucial juncture, thereby crippling the 'ally''s military capability.</p><p>That is why all major powers develop their own navigational system.</p><p>India and the US signed a new defence agreement called BECA (Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-Spatial Cooperation) on Tuesday.</p><p>The US has been pushing for this agreement along with others for over a decade.</p><p>It will make selling US military hardware easier to India.</p><p>There has been opposition to signing this agreement from within India for over a decade because while the US is supposed to provide accurate GPS data to India, in return India is supposed to exchange maps, charts and data to the US which can compromise Indian defence to the US military.</p><p>Using border tensions with China and dreams of targeting terrorist camps in Pakistan, the agreement has been pushed by the present government in India.</p><p>It is noteworthy that India has planned such a Satellite Navigational System since 2010.</p><p>The system would give accurate positioning for not only the vast Indian subcontinent, but almost the entire Indian Ocean region from the east coast of Africa to South East Asia.</p><p>It is called IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System) or NavIC.</p><p>The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations.</p><p>According to reports, it happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied the Indian request for accurate GPS data for the Kargil region which would have helped the Indian military in the Kargil War.</p><p>Thus, the goal of the IRNSS was to not only to serve the commercial market in India and surrounding countries, but also make the Indian military 'Atma Nirbhar' as far as the important object of accurate targeting of weapons.</p><p>The government has spent so far over Rs 2,000 crores (Rs 20 billion) on it.</p><p>Six satellites of NavIC are already in orbit and functioning and five more are planned to be launched.</p><p>The commercial service has already started and the military part of it is being tested.</p><p>According to a senior ISRO source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, "The only advantage the US system has over the IRNSS is that US has a long experience of operating such a system and actively using it for targeting its missiles and drones all over the world including our neighbourhood. Whereas we have just started setting it up.</p><p>"Other than our lack of experience, the US data would not provide any greater accuracy than what NavIC is capable of."</p><p>"Moreover, always such offers have been made to us by other powers only when we have developed our own system independently through our resources."</p><p>"The goal seems to be that we do not invest further in our system to make our system more accurate and more reliable or more global in reach."</p><p>So should we celebrate this literal manna from the heavens, as the government wants us to believe, or should we be apprehensive?</p><p>-----------------------------------</p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-13580186764193218192020-10-14T12:32:00.032+05:302020-10-14T12:39:13.773+05:30Jack Kilby--A Tribute
<div><span style="color: black;"><em>Business India</em>, November 13-26, 2000</span></div><div><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: red;"></span><strong><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;">When the chips are up </span></strong></div><div><strong><span style="color: red; font-size: 180%;"><br /></span></strong></div><div>
<em>Jack Kilby, inventor of the integrated circuit, gets his due with the Physics Nobel Prize 2000 - after 42 years</em></div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><em></em><strong>Shivanand Kanavi </strong></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRm4Lxu0TU-0Whyphenhyphen7aRgv5v3Fojlgk8hkh_1EiTxK1vc80APRr2n7Yqnu82r4Hoz8QkncS8kH8b-MSspNpIb_k9ZRJFUU4aivClL3OpH8BD14l2BGHSEL52wvkhXopQbghzqaj8r1KJZo/s1600-h/kilby1.JPG"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5097038713273990498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCRm4Lxu0TU-0Whyphenhyphen7aRgv5v3Fojlgk8hkh_1EiTxK1vc80APRr2n7Yqnu82r4Hoz8QkncS8kH8b-MSspNpIb_k9ZRJFUU4aivClL3OpH8BD14l2BGHSEL52wvkhXopQbghzqaj8r1KJZo/s400/kilby1.JPG" style="cursor: hand; float: left; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px;" /></a>
Nearly 42 years after the invention of the integrated circuit (IC) the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences announced on 10th October 2000, the award of Nobel Prize to Jack Kilby, the inventor. </div><div><br /></div><div>Naturally, this calls for comment.
It is surprising that the Nobel Committee took such a long time to honour an invention, which has changed the way we live in the last 40 years and has directly led to a $231 billion industry. </div><div><br /></div><div>The committee is still to honour Claude Shannon whose seminal contribution to information theory is at the heart of all modern communication and is over 50 years old. Similarly, John von Neumann, who laid the foundation of computer science with the theory of finite automata, 50 years back, and who led the team that built the world's first electronic computer ENIAC, at the Institute of Advanced Study, Prince ton, did not receive the Nobel. However, inventors of semiconductor devices like the transistor and Josephson junction have been honoured. </div><div><br /></div><div>Does the committee have a blind spot? Or should the engineers be left out of the highest scroll of honour because of a very narrow-minded reading of Alfred Nobel's charter? </div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the rest of the technology world discussed these issues, Jack Kilby seemed far away from it all, when Business India interviewed him 48 hours after the announcement, in Dallas, Texas. </div><div><br /></div><div>Kilby's brevity and humility are astounding. Texas Intsruments (TI), the company where Kilby worked when he invented the IC, made full use of the propaganda value of the prize and rival Intel's executives commented - off the record - that the prize should have been shared between Jack Kilby and the late Dr Robert Noyce (one of the founders of Intel). But Kilby, 77, could not be drawn into any controversy. </div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjzqlW8qCStnfBlJzL7AVj-pu9b_ooiYzE5-rAUG33kDOMJcntQxRZW8CfoEaAZ5ulFlVvohlqtaXZvZneLTYu-QvXKmam_Va7OWiWNtjZm1DmfqI7eeC6lsshs1MxrM91RJoErL2Kq8/s1872/Jack+Kilby+talking+to+Shivanand+Kanavi.tif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1194" data-original-width="1872" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLjzqlW8qCStnfBlJzL7AVj-pu9b_ooiYzE5-rAUG33kDOMJcntQxRZW8CfoEaAZ5ulFlVvohlqtaXZvZneLTYu-QvXKmam_Va7OWiWNtjZm1DmfqI7eeC6lsshs1MxrM91RJoErL2Kq8/w512-h326/Jack+Kilby+talking+to+Shivanand+Kanavi.tif" width="512" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>On 12th October, Business India was privy to a very private celebration at the famous Kilby Centre at Dallas, Texas. The $ 150-million cutting edge R&D centre, the pride of TI , hosts stateof-the-art, 0.1 micron chip fabrication facilities. In the cafeteria of Kilby centre, about 300 TI engineers were gathered to honour an icon. The atmosphere was bordering on the reverential, as aging Jack Kilby slowly walked into the hall escorted by K. Bala, senior VP at TI. While Bala, a chip veteran for the last 31 years at TI, and the senior-most executive of Indian origin in TI, gave a two-minute speech congratulating Jack on behalf of TI and the staff of the Kilby Centre, the man at the centre was even more brief. True to the culture of microminiaturisation, Kilby only said two words: "Thank you".
</div><div><br /></div><div>Besides dozens of other honours, Kilby received the National Medal of Science, in 1970, at the White House. In 1982, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, taking his place alongside Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, and the Wright Brothers in the annals of American innovation. However, there is nothing like being bestowed with the Nobel. </div><div><br /></div><div>When asked why it was that the inventors of transistor were given the Nobel several years ago, he commented candidly that their contribution was more basic to semiconductor physics, than his.
</div><div><br /></div><div>Kilby is an institution at TI, even though he stopped doing active work in the company more than 20 years back. "We have a regular Friday lunch with him every week and find interacting with him very useful even now,” says Bala. </div><div><br /></div><div>The unassuming Kilby is a typical engineer, who wants to solve problems. In his own words, his interest in electronics was kindled when he was a kid growing up in Kansas. “My dad was running a small power company scattered across the western part of Kansas. They had a big ice storm that took down all the telephones and many of the power lines, so he began to work with amateur radio operators to provide some communications and that was the beginning of my interest in electronics," he recalls. </div><div><br /></div><div>When he joined TI in the summer of 1958, the company was working on a defence project to miniaturise electronics. Jack, however, had different ideas. Fortunately, he got the chance to check out his ideas, for, soon after he joined, most of the team went on a vacation for which he, being the junior-most member of the team, was not eligible.
Kilby spent his time searching for an alternative to the official model. </div><div><br /></div><div>"I realised that semiconductors were all that were really required - that resistors and capacitors (passive devices), in particular, could be made from the same material as the active devices (transistors). I also realised that, since all of the components could be made of a single material, they could also be made in situ and interconnected to form a complete circuit," Kilby wrote in a 1976 article titled Invention of the IC.
"I then quickly sketched a proposed design for a flip-flop using these components. Resistors were provided by bulk effect in the silicon, and capacitors by p-n junctions. My colleagues were sceptical and asked for some proof that circuits made entirely of semiconductors would work. I therefore built up a circuit using discrete silicon elements. Packaged grown-junction transistors were used. Resistors were formed by cutting small bars of silicon and etching to value. Capacitors were cut from diffused silicon power transistor wafers, metallised on both sides. This unit was assembled and demonstrated on 28 August 1958," he elaborated. </div><div><br /></div><div>By September, Kilby was ready to demonstrate a working integrated circuit built on a piece of semiconductor material. Several executives, including former TI chairman Mark Shepherd, gathered for the event on 12 September 1958. What they saw was a sliver of germanium, with protruding wires, glued to a glass slide. It was a rough device, but when Kilby pressed the switch, an unending sine curve undulated across the oscilloscope screen. His invention worked - he had solved the problem. </div><div><br /></div><div>But at the time, did Kilby realise its significance? "I thought it would be important for electronics as we knew it then, but that was a much simpler business. Electronics was mostly radio and television and the first computers. What we did not appreciate was how lower costs would expand the field of electronics beyond imagination. It still surprises me today. The real story has been in the cost reduction which has been much greater than anyone could have anticipated. And it has tremendously broadened the field of electronics. </div><div><br /></div><div>In 1958, a single silicon transistor that was not very good, sold for about $10. Today, $10 will buy over 20 million transistors, an equal number of passive components, and all of the interconnections to make them a useful memory chip. So, the cost decrease has been factors of millions to one. And I'm sure that no one anticipated that".
</div><div><br /></div><div>The main contribution to lowering costs and increasing transistor densities in ICS has, of course, come from the innovation that Robert Noyce was responsible for, while working at Fairchild Semiconductors, before he went on to found Intel. Noyce developed the planar technology of depositing layer upon layer of semiconductors with different doping elements to create a really compact IC in 1959. </div><div><br /></div><div>Clearly, both Kilby and Noyce are responsible for the IC revolution. Kilby graciously admits as much. The first Ie made by Kilby had a single transistor, 1.5 mm x 10.5 mm in size. Today, such chips carry millions of transistors. The resolution of etching has already reached 0.1 micron (micron = thousandth of a milli metre). </div><div><br /></div><div>The inventions of Kilby and Noyce have led to two giants now straddling the IC empire: Texas Instruments, the king of digital signal processors that go into every cellphone and communication device, and Intel which is practically inside every PC. </div><div><br /></div><div>Unlike most inventors, Kilby today has the rare advantage of seeing his work create enormous wealth and in fact changing human life. In his own life time.
</div>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-90473589930231333362020-09-13T10:23:00.000+05:302020-09-13T10:23:18.666+05:30Ghadar of 1857<em>(Ghadar Jari Hai</em>, Vol.1, No. 2, Aug 15, 2007 )<div><span style="color: red;"><strong><span>Peepul ke neeche</span></strong> </span></div><div><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>Ghadar of 1857</b></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div><div>
<strong><span>Conversation with Amaresh Misra</span></strong> </div><div> This time we meet Amaresh Misra, to converse about the Great Ghadar of 1857. Amaresh Misra is a well known historian, free-lance journalist, civil rights activist and a script writer. In all his works, the effort has been to dispel stereotypes of western ‘Orientalism’, and invoke the diverse influences of Indian cultures and nationalities. His new book on 1857, War of Civilisations: 1857 AD (Rupa & Co) is to be published in September in two volumes. His other works include ‘Lucknow: Fire of Grace’, a city biography, ‘The Minister’s Wife’, a novel, and ‘Mangal Pandey: The true story of an Indian Revolutionary’. He has been contributing profusely on the subject in mass media. Shivanand Kanavi participated in this conversation with Amaresh. </div><div>
<strong>Shivanand</strong>: The absence of well researched books on 1857 authored by Indians, prior to 1947 can be understood by the colonial censorship, (Savarkar's being an exception), but why is that there are so few post-independence? What are the real difficulties a historian faces while writing on 1857? </div><div>
<strong>Amaresh</strong>: 1857 is a bugbear and an obsession. Many Indian and European writers have lost their focus and minds while studying the event. It is a very Asiatic, indigenous event. Its true study requires the explosion of Eurocentic and hitherto established Anglo-Indian perspectives. It also requires an insight into the Urdu-Persian-Awadhi-Islam-Sanatan Dharma-Mughal-Maratha-Sikh peasant world. The task simply, is too overwhelming. It is beyond the grasp of most of our city bred and English-speaking historians. For me too, a hardened scholar and political activist schooled in being unsentimental, it was very difficult maintaining the necessary distance from the material. I wrote the book, literally with a lump in my throat. I was drained emotionally.
In fact, most of the books on 1857, by Indian authors, lack even a rudimentary sense of nationalist, pro-people consciousness, or a passion for objective fact finding. Interestingly, sincere work on 1857 has only four examples--VD Savarkar's pioneering effort, Sunder Lal'a ‘Bharat men Angrezi Raj’ in Hindi, Ram Vilas Sharma's ‘San Sattavan ki Rajya Kranti aur Marxvaad’ again in Hindi, and PC Joshi's ‘1857: a symposium’. Savarkar today is a symbol of the Right. Ram Vilas Sharma and PC Joshi belonged to the Left. </div><div><strong>Shivanand:</strong> What sources have you looked at to get the panoramic story of 1857? </div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: Original manuscripts, British primary and secondary accounts, Urdu, Persian, Awadhi, and even Arabic records--you name it--from London to Patna. Gazetteers gathering dust in various Government departments were of particulalr help. I also included unpublished material, especially accounts in Hindi and Urdu. Another source was oral history, which I tried using to give a subjective perspective of participants in 1857 wars. A lot of work in English has been done by regional intellectuals and academicians, people concerned with bringing out what happened in 1857 in e.g. Orissa, Gujarat, Assam and the North East. These works were very helpful.</div><div><br /></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: It has been a matter of great speculation, whether the Ghadar was planned before the mutinies started breaking out in the Bengal Army, what has been your conclusion? </div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: Yes it was planned. It was a mass movement. But there seems to have been no fixed date, though the March-April-May months seem to have been fixed. Initially efforts were made to rouse the Bengal based Regiments. Meerut came to the fore, after the Mangal Pandey incident and the failure of the Behrampore-Barrackpore rising. Bahadur Shah Zafar, Wajid Ali Shah, Nana Saheb, Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah, Kunwar Singh and all other principal actors were active even before 1856 and Awadh's annexation. Waliullahites, revolutionary followers of Shah Waliullah, the 18th century Muslim cleric and social scientist--India's Rousseau and Adam Smith combined into one--were following the Dar-ul-Harb fatwa issued by Shah Abdul Aziz (Shah Waliullah's son) in 1803. The Fatwa made it imperative for every religious Muslim to make India's Independence his or her religious duty. The Fatwa was a watershed. It started a jihad, with anti-British, peasant revolution as its focus in Punjab and Bengal in the 1820s and 30s. Waliullahites, whom the British erroneously called Wahabis, were active in the 1840s. They were committed anti-Imperialist activists, a bit like Marxists of today. They had a network running from Hazara to Barrackpore. They were the ones who established a concord of Islam with Sanatan Dharma Hindus, in order to foment a rising against the British. </div><div><br /></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: Was there a conscious attempt to spread the flames of the uprising all over India? </div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: Yes--Bahadur Shah Zafar had established study circles, on the pattern of old Mughal Pir-Murid structure. Nana Saheb and Azimullah Khan had visited all major stations of North India in some guise or the other. Sadhus and Maulavis were found preaching ‘sedition’ from Gilgit in Kashmir to Madurai in Tamil Nadu. Right through May and June 1857, leaflets appeared in all the centres of Bombay Army and Madras Army, saying specifically that Bahadur Shah Zafar has been reinstated as ‘The Emperor of India’ and the British Raj is over. Then during the 1857 war, mass actions in North and West India exhibited amazing coordination. The Neemuch Brigade was moving from Neemuch to Agra, where a large British garrison was stationed. The British Persian Expedition Force landed in Bombay. Under Colonel Woodburn, a British field force set forth from Bombay via Marathwada to intercept the Neemuch force. But the June 1857, risings in Aurangabad, Nagpur and several other Marathwada-Vidarbha regions, delayed Woodburn's advance. The Neemuch Brigade was able to reach Agra on 5th July and defeat the British. </div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: Often the leaders of Ghadar have been painted with the broad brush of decadent feudalism, what was the vision of the leaders of the Ghadar, for an India freed from colonial yoke, in political, social and economic terms? </div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: The 1857 programme offered: State aid for trade, State protection to indigenous industries, land to the tiller, substantial salaries to middle class professionals, irrigation to agriculture, economic and socio-political patronage and economic incentives to intellectuals, power to the peasant and the village panchayat, self respect to every Indian, freedom of faith and expression, equality to castes, and the aggressive revival of Indian nationalism based on Ganga-Yamuna Tehzeeb. Therefore, the 1857 programme was one of, in Marxist terms, a progressive, nationalist, bourgeois-democratic revolution. To say that they, 1857 leaders, were feudal and decadent is a cruel, Eurocentric joke. </div><div><br /></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: India of the 18th century has been painted as dark, full of superstition, customs like sati, no development of science and technology, no visionary political and military leadership, no feeling of patriotism, various princes and nawabs wallowing in petty self interest and so on. Hence it is said the East India Company could intervene and take over territory easily. How true is that picture?</div><div><br /></div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: Nothing can be further from the truth. Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur built his observatory in the 18th century. The circulation of blood theory, originally discovered by Bhava Misra in the 16th century, acquired further development. It was in this period that Indian entrepreneurship flourished. The Mughal State itself was a military-entrepreneur State. In the Indian context, the army always represented ‘peasants in uniform’. Mughal capitalism was peasant, and not burgher driven. The class basis of Mughal capitalism was different fundamentally from European capitalism. In the 18th century, Mysore, Maratha and the Sikh powers were all competitive, modernized, bourgeois princedoms, as much as England was a bourgeois State. In fact, the East India Company was attracted by Indian development and not underdevelopment. In the 18th century not one but two Industrial revolutions were proceeding apace--one in India and one in Europe. The Indian revolution was killed to finance the European one. </div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: Based on the treachery of a few Sikh princes it has been said that Sikh's did not participate in the uprising, what does your research show? </div><div><br /></div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: It was only the Sikh Princes of the cis-Sutlej area--Patiala, Kapurthala, Nabha, Jind--who sided with the British. But they had opposed even Ranjit Singh--in fact remnants of Ranjit Singh's Khalsa army, fought for Bahadur Shah Zafar at Sialkot, Ferozepur, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Lahore, right uptill Ambala. At Ropar, Mohar Singh declared a Khalsa Raj under Bahadur Shah Zafar. Then even the cis-Sutlej Sikh soldiers revolted in Benaras, Jaunpur and Mhow in 1857, and then again at Dera Ismail Khan in 1858. </div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: What role did Hindu, Muslim and Sikh religious organizations and individuals play during the uprising? </div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: Swami Vrijanand, Swami Omnanand, Swami Purnanand, Dayanand Saraswati, Shirdi Saibaba, the Dwarika-Badrinath-Puri-Sringeri Shankaracharyas all played crucial roles. The religious Shaiv, Vaishnav and Naga akhadas played a major role. Lalpuri Gosain, the descendant of Anupgiri, a major 18th century leader of an entrepreneur/ascetic order, fought in Nana Saheb's army. From Delhi, to Hyderabad, via Deoband, and West UP, the Muslim Ulema and Waliullahites, played a memorable role. They acted as propagandists and fighters. Then Sikh leaders of the later Namdhari-Kuka movement supported the revolution. </div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: You have made the startling claim that over 10 million people were killed by the British in revenge for the uprising. Can you substantiate the claim? </div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: It seems that fearing defeat, the British initiated a policy of mass killings. Indians, especially of UP, have grown up with tales of British atrocities during the Ghadar. But till date, no historian has ever tried to put a figure on how many Indians died. Whole cities were looted, innocents were massacred, villages razed to the ground. The killings were so massive that Awadh and Bhojpur faced a labor slump till the 1890s. More than 20,00,000 letters returned back from Awadh addresses. British labor surveys and road department reports state clearly that more than 25,00,000 died in Awadh alone. Records of the Muslim Ulema, and Hindu akhadas also show that more than 50,00,000 of their people and followers died. In Bhojpur and Bihar, labor records show a 25% slump. Calculating backwards I reached the first approximate figure of 10 million. </div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><strong>Shivanand</strong>: the destruction of the economy of Indo-Gangetic plain especially what is called Bi-Ma-R-U, (Bihar-Madhya Pradesh-Rajasthan-Uttar Pradesh) seems to be linked to 1857. </div><div><strong><br /></strong></div><div><strong>Amaresh</strong>: Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, spoke about the ‘forced’ backwardness of the Hindi-Urdu belt, or BI-MA-R-U (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh) area, specifically due to 1857. I too have mentioned the fact that it was because of the massive killings in the region, details of which are there in the answers sent, that labor was not available for even the kind of meagre development colonial authorities were prepared for. This is apart from the fact that fearing Hindi-Urdu belt's radical potentialities, the British deliberately refrained from developing it. In fact, colonial development was restricted to Calcutta and Bombay, mainly because the colonial middle classes there supported the British during 1857. Nearly all intellectuals of the Bengal renaissance supported the British. This should not be taken as an outright condemnation of the 19th century Bengal impulse, though it was definitely not a renaissance. The real Indian renaissance started during Akbar’s time and was continuing until the 18th when the British cut it short. The pre-British Indian renaissance was in fact more ‘modern’ than the Bengal one. It was indigenous. In Europe, Martin Luther’s act of translating the bible from Latin into German is considered the revolutionary turning point of European quest for renaissance and enlightened progress. In India Tulsidas translated and reinterpreted the Sanskrit Ramayana into Awadhi in the 16th century. Shah Waliullah translated the Koran from Arabic into Persian in the 18th century and later his son Shah Abdul Aziz (author of the famous patriotic fatwa) published the Koran in Urdu. So even going by the European yardstick, renaissance had already occurred in India before the British came. It is only the tendency of Indian English speaking intellectuals to look down upon our indigenous languages and tradition that we see ‘renaissance’ in the efforts of 19th century conservative, metropolitan elites to effect a minimum of reform, and that too in a pro-colonial framework. The Bengal-Bombay renaissance in fact laid the basis of colonial modernity with all its attendant problems of communalism and fascism. </div><div><br /></div><div> (<em>Ghadar Jari Hai</em> is a quarterly magazine produced from New Delhi, India. For more information write to S Raghavan, Editor, <a href="mailto:jaarihai@yahoo.co.in">jaarihai@yahoo.co.in</a>)</div>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-31162558224141953182019-12-01T08:17:00.000+05:302019-12-01T08:17:08.517+05:30Book Review: Fire and Fury--Transforming India's Strategic Identity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
My Book Review of <em style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;">Fire and Fury: Transforming India's Strategic Identity</em><span style="background-color: white; color: #383838; font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;"> by Anil Kakodkar and Suresh Gangotra in Rediff.com</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.rediff.com/news/column/oh-you-are-kakodkar-president-bush-exclaimed/20191130.htm">https://www.rediff.com/news/column/oh-you-are-kakodkar-president-bush-exclaimed/20191130.htm</a><br />
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'Oh, you are Kakodkar!', President Bush exclaimed</h1>
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November 30, 2019 18:19 IST</div>
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<strong>Dr Kakodkar's strategic stubbornness ultimately got India what it wanted though the negotiations with the US went to the wire, notes Shivanand Kanavi.</strong></div>
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IMAGE: Then India's Atomic Energy Commission chairman Dr Anil Kakodkar.</div>
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<span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;">Former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission Dr Anil Kakodkar has written his memoir</span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;"> </span><em style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;">Fire and Fury: Transforming India's Strategic Identity</em><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia; font-size: 18px;">(Rupa, 2019) with assistance from his colleague Suresh Gangotra.</span></div>
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It is natural that it would invoke huge amount of interest in anyone following the evolution of India's nuclear programme for both energy and security.</div>
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Kakodkar is a nextgen nuclear engineer, following the pioneers Dr Homi Bhabha, Dr Homi Sethna, Dr Raja Ramanna, Dr P K Iyengar and Dr R Chidambaram.</div>
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He joined the department of atomic energy in the early sixties as a freshly minted bright mechanical engineer from Mumbai's VJTI and topped his batch at the Atomic Energy Training School.</div>
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However his confidence in hands on problem solving and 'can do' attitude drew the seniors's attention quite early.</div>
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Soon he was given the first major independent project to architect and build the research reactor Dhruva in the eighties.</div>
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Dhruva has been a workhorse since then for the DAE not only in research, but also as a steady supplier of bomb grade plutonium.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/nov/29anil-kakodkar-06.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Dr Kakodkar with then prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpaye. <span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Photograph: Kind courtesy <a href="http://anilkakodkar.in/" style="color: #477bc4; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Anilkakodkar.in</a></span></div>
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He has participated in trouble shooting and ultimately fixing several problems in the power reactors which were caused by design deficiencies in the Canadian natural uranium based 220 MW, PHWRs (Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors).</div>
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There were problems with the sagging coolant channels, cracks in the calandria and even the distribution manifold of Madras, (Kalpakkam) reactors which had collapsed.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/nov/29anil-kakodkar-04.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Before the Pokhran-II tests on May 11, 1998. <span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Photograph: Kind courtesy <a href="http://anilkakodkar.in/" style="color: #477bc4; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Anilkakodkar.in</a>/</span></div>
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These were complex engineering and metallurgical problems.</div>
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Having been denied any help from the sulking Canadians after the 'peaceful nuclear explosion' of May 18, 1974 at Pokharan, Indian engineers painstakingly analysed and solved the problems much to the surprise of the Canadians and in fact have turned out to be global experts in coolant channel replacement for natural uranium reactors.</div>
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Raja Ramanna, who started the nuclear device design in early seventies at Indira Gandhi's behest, recruited young Kakodkar in 1972 for his engineering skills into the hush-hush project.</div>
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Much to Dr Kakodkar's bewilderment before recruiting him, Dr Ramanna wanted to make sure that he did not talk in his sleep! Just to make sure that the secret project did not leak even within team members's families.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/nov/29anil-kakodkar-05.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Dr Kakodkar with President A P J Abdul Kalam. <span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Photograph: Kind courtesy <a href="http://anilkakodkar.in/" style="color: #477bc4; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Anilkakodkar.in</a>/</span></div>
<div class="rbig" style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;">
Dr Kakodkar is a man of few words.</div>
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You can see that in all the television interviews that he has given in the last couple of decades.</div>
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He weighs his words and is not at all dramatic in his demeanour much to the disappointment of television journalists looking for sound bytes.</div>
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But in his understated way he recounts in the book many incidents that happened during the test in 1974 as well as the weapon tests in 1998.</div>
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He also lays to rest in an emphatic manner the controversy that erupted about whether India indeed tested a thermonuclear bomb in 1998.</div>
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During the India-US nuclear negotiations he was always the 'go to man' for the ministry of external affairs due to the implicit faith that then prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh placed in him to protect the long term strategic interests of India and not be pressured by the acute Uranium shortage that the country faced then.</div>
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In fact, Dr Kakodkar appeared at one time as a stubborn stumbling block not only to the American negotiators, but also to the eager beavers in the MEA who thought India is looking cussedly at a gift horse in the mouth.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/nov/29anil-kakodkar-02.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Dr Kakodkar with then prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh. <span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Photograph: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters</span></div>
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That's because when India was on the eve of getting recognition as a <em>de facto</em> nuclear weapon power without having signed the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, paving the way for lifting all sanctions and restrictions on nuclear trade and in fact all hi-tech trade, a major milestone to be crossed was the 'separation plan' that demarcated what reactors and research facilities would be under IAEA safeguards and which others would be off limits to IAEA inspectors, there by implying a connection to the strategic weapons programme.</div>
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Here, Dr Kakodkar backed by the PM, was absolutely uncompromising.</div>
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This strategic stubbornness ultimately got India what it wanted though the negotiations went to the wire.</div>
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He proudly recounts in the book that when the deal was done, then US President George W Bush shook his hands and exclaimed, 'Oh so, you are that Kakodkar, Are you happy now?', thereby implying that he was aware of the tough role Dr Kakodkar had played in the negotiations.</div>
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<img alt="Lessons Life Taught Me, Unknowingly: An Autobiography" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/nov/29anil-kakodkar-bk.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px;" /></div>
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His memories of his childhood and the hard life the family faced when his freedom fighter father was in Portuguese jail in Lisbon for many years and the appendices by his wife and sister in the book bring out Dr Kakodkar's character and add further value to this memoir.</div>
<div style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;">
So far, Dr Raja Ramanna, Dr P K Iyengar and Dr M R Srinivasan are among those who headed the DAE who have written their memoirs.</div>
<div style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px;">
Written in a simple narrative style and language, uncluttered by data, Dr Kakodkar and Gangotra's <em>Fire and Fury</em> is definitely worth reading by all those interested in India's nuclear programme in its quest for clean electricity and strategic weapons.</div>
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<strong>Shivanand Kanavi, adjunct faculty at the National Institure of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, is a former VP, TCS and the author of <em>Sand to Silicon: The amazing story of digital technology</em> and <em>Research by Design: Innovation and TCS</em>.</strong></div>
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Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-63129465965083268952019-11-30T10:49:00.002+05:302023-12-17T18:35:49.426+05:30Book Review: Bridgital Nation<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Book Review: </span><o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Bridgital Nation</b> By N Chandrasekharan & Roopa
Purushothaman, Penguin Random House 2019</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Appeared in </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Outlook Magazine.</span></span></p><p></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, FreeSerif, serif;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/books-captains-put-up-a-design/302413&source=gmail&ust=1575175114446000&usg=AFQjCNEixeWhRYHebs3Gs2alx9vSNfW3Dw" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/books-captains-put-up-a-design/302413" style="color: #336699; font-size: large; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.outlookindia.com/<wbr></wbr>magazine/story/books-captains-<wbr></wbr>put-up-a-design/302413</a><span style="font-size: large;"> )</span></div><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSseevnktVSpU3a8EBqv3efBdkfMEHDE5Sc3txfJTOVXOoq34AKHJKAOtx6JLD6cZGxq1kUKHQHhDyF1-H1CGyd3-nwMC9roCZg2xqv_req_TP9HeX_RFrbmgpeA89ncbgIPxyI9hz5ptm6uMHRiQ4UwTvJGmKhPmKdGRiEmUE58uXHPGLOAM3eBIJ_Dk/s284/Bridgital.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="178" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSseevnktVSpU3a8EBqv3efBdkfMEHDE5Sc3txfJTOVXOoq34AKHJKAOtx6JLD6cZGxq1kUKHQHhDyF1-H1CGyd3-nwMC9roCZg2xqv_req_TP9HeX_RFrbmgpeA89ncbgIPxyI9hz5ptm6uMHRiQ4UwTvJGmKhPmKdGRiEmUE58uXHPGLOAM3eBIJ_Dk/w251-h400/Bridgital.jpeg" width="251" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Towards
a Tata-Birla Plan 2.0</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Seventy five years ago on Jan 17, 1944 and on Dec 17, 1944
two slim volumes with far reaching consequences for India were published. They
were titled <b><i>A Brief memorandum outlining a plan for economic development
of India Part I</i></b> and <b><i>A Brief memorandum outlining a plan for
economic development of India, Distribution-Role of the State Part II</i></b>. The
first was authored by Sir Purushottamdas Thakurdas, J R D Tata, G D Birla, Sir
Ardeshir Dalal, Sir Shri Ram, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, A D Shroff and John Mathai
and the second was authored by the same group except for Sir Ardeshir Dalal,
since in the interim he had been inducted into the Viceroy’s executive council
in charge of planning.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">The plan by India’s leading businessmen also came to be
known as “Bombay Plan” perhaps because it was discussed, drafted and finalized
in Bombay, as a matter of fact in “Bombay House”, the headquarters of Tata
Group. It won’t be an exaggeration to say that Bombay Plan which was also
called Tata-Birla plan by the media, guided the course of post war and post-colonial
economy of India from 1947 to 1991. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">There is no better testimonial to the impact of Tata-Birla
plan than the words of former Prime Minister, Dr Man Mohan Singh, who said
addressing the ASSOCHAM on August 24, 2004 “As a student of economics in the
1950s and later as a practitioner in government, I was greatly impressed by the
"Bombay Plan" of 1944. When we read it today, nearly 60 years later,
we see how relevant many of the central propositions of the Bombay Plan remain.
In those days, it was an unprecedented document. It is worthy of emphasis that <b>nowhere
in the developing world had a group of businessmen come together to draw up
such a long-term plan for a country</b>. The Bombay Plan laid great emphasis on
public investment in social and economic infrastructure, in both rural and
urban areas, it emphasized the importance of agrarian reform and agricultural
research, in setting up educational institutions and a modern financial system.
Above all, it defined the framework for India's transition from agrarian
feudalism to industrial capitalism, but capitalism that is humane, that invests
in the welfare and skills of the working people. In many ways<b>, it
encapsulated what all subsequent Plans have tried to achieve</b>.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">Now everyone is familiar with the big bang reset in India’s
economy from consolidation and protected growth to globalization of markets and
capital that started in 1991. The stirrings for reset had started a decade
earlier. It’s however striking that unlike the captains of industry who
articulated the Bombay Plan, the business leaders of the 90’s and even the
first decade of 21<sup>st</sup> century failed to articulate their vision for India
in the midst of challenges and opportunities of globalization. Perhaps they
were too busy improving efficiencies, expanding capacities and acquiring assets
abroad. In fact the only document which comes close to a vision document for
that period did not come from business leaders but by an economist who had
served the Indian state in various capacities for decades; Dr Manmohan Singh’s
budget speech of 1991. And that was it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">‘Bridgital Nation’ by N Chandrasekharan who is currently
Chairman of Tata Sons and Roopa Purushothaman, Chief Economist at Tata Group,
is an attempt to provide a vision to guide India in the coming decades of what
they call as the Fourth Industrial Revolution propelled by Artificial
Intelligence and other technological developments. It is slim, about 260 pages
plus notes, well annotated and at the same time captivatingly written there by
making it reader friendly despite the gravitas of the problems they deal with. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">They skillfully sketch with colour and brevity the
complexities in the real world of health care; education and skilling; unemployment
and under employment; formal and informal economies; problems faced by women in
the work force; entrepreneurship etc. The authors draw stories, data, lessons from
their own rich experience in services as well as the institutional reach and
memory of Tata Group that encompasses nearly a hundred enterprises that cover
many sectors of the formal economy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">On top of that they have access to over a century of
experience in the vast philanthropy of Tata Trusts and of individual Tata group
companies among literally all sections of society in all corners of India. Among
adivasis; rural communities; remote hill regions, in the heart land and
periphery of the subcontinent; in the areas of education; adult literacy;
health care; self-help groups etc etc. From there they draw rich human interest
stories which act as parables for their theses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">They are able to weave the stories in the grey matter of
ideas, data and graphics. That’s a remarkable achievement stylistically.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">At the outset they explain the new word they have coined,
“bridgital”: “we need a new approach that views AI and automation as a human
aid, not a replacement for human intervention. If we do this, automation in
India will look nothing like it does anywhere else. We call this approach
‘Bridgital’.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">There is a visible split in the nature of the Indian
economy—a high-skill, high-productivity sector that produces goods and services
for wealthy, tech-savvy, and urban consumers alongside external markets, and a
low-cost, low-productivity sector that is mostly geared towards the poor. India
is missing a ‘middle’—the midway jobs, the mid-skilled workers. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">India’s approach to automation has to be distinct from China,
the US and Japan; it has to focus on technologies that augment and raise
people’s skills.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">India does not resemble the traditional story analysts tell
about economic progress. Economic growth does not reflect job growth. While
India is abundant in unskilled and inexpensive labour, GDP growth has instead
been powered by industries that prize skill and capital—scarce resources
unavailable to a vast swathe of the country. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">India’s challenges are urgent. It is easy to be trapped in
crisis mode, fighting fires as they spring up. To evolve, though, the country
has to anticipate and actively design the future it wants. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">The changes that took place in the early 90’s seem to have
run their course in three decades since, just as the Bombay Plan (1944) had run
its course by the 1980’s. In order to face the challenges of today’s
geo-politics, geo-economics and the explosion in technology, there is a need
for the articulation of another vision document with practical policy
guidelines drafted by India’s best economic, scientific, technological brains
along with business leaders in Manufacturing, Trade, Agriculture, Finance,
Capital Markets and Services. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">In the absence of such a vision, we have today in the
corridors of power, an atmosphere of bluster and hubris on the one hand and
groping around in the dark on the other. It can at best be described as a
tactical approach to the challenges rather than strategic.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;">N Chandrasekharan and Rooopa Purushothaman have ventured to
contribute towards such a new Tata-Birla plan through their book “Bridgital
Nation”. Hopefully it will attract other business and thought leaders to put
aside some time and put in intense effort to articulate a new vision a Tata-
Birla Plan 2.0.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">Shivanand Kanavi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>(</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Former VP at
TCS and currently Adjunct Faculty at NIAS, Bengaluru and author of <b>“Sand to
Silicon: The amazing story of digital technology”</b> and <b>“Research by
Design: Innovation and TCS”</b>; skanavi@gmail.com<b>)<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-80803593598860359442019-08-30T11:17:00.004+05:302019-08-30T11:17:54.645+05:3065 years of Computer Science in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;">65 years of Computer Science in India</span></h1>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">August 29, 2019 </span></b></h3>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">( <a href="https://www.rediff.com/business/special/65-years-of-computer-science-in-india/20190829.htm?">https://www.rediff.com/business/special/65-years-of-computer-science-in-india/20190829.htm?</a> )</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: x-small;">Shivanand Kanavi, former VP, TCS and adjunct faculty at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, marks the milestones in India's computer science journey.</span></strong></div>
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<span class="credit" style="color: #ff5e20;">Photograph: Reuters</span></div>
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The late R Narasimhan was probably the first Indian to study computer science back in the late 1940s and early 1950s in the US.</div>
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After his PhD in mathematics, he came back to India in 1954 and joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, being built by Homi Bhabha.</div>
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India owes much of its scientific and technical base today to a handful of visionaries.</div>
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Homi Bhabha was one of them.</div>
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Though a theoretical physicist by training, Dr Bhabha was truly technologically literate.</div>
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He not only saw the need for India to acquire both theoretical and practical knowledge of atomic and nuclear physics, but also the emerging fields of electronics and computation.</div>
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After starting research groups in fundamental physics and mathematics, at the newly born Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Dr Bhabha wanted to develop a digital computing group in the early '50s!</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-bhabha-jrd.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Dr Homi J Bhabha, left, with J R D Tata.</div>
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The audacity of this dream becomes apparent if one remembers that at that time von Neumann was barely laying the foundations of computer science and building a handful of computers in the USA.</div>
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He had no dearth of dollars for any technology that promised the US a strategic edge over the Soviet Union.</div>
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After the Soviet atomic test in 1949, hubris had been replaced by panic in the US government circles.</div>
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And here was India emerging from the ravages of colonial rule and a bloody Partition, struggling to stabilise the political situation and take the first the steps in building a modern industrial base.</div>
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In terms of expertise in electronics in India, there did not exist anything more than a few radio engineers in the All India Radio and some manufacturers merely assembling valve radios.</div>
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Truly, Dr Bhabha and his colleagues must have appeared as incorrigible romantics.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-r-narasimhan.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Dr Rangaswamy Narasimhan, pioneering computer scientist.</div>
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Once he had decided on the big picture, Dr Bhabha was a pragmatic problem solver.</div>
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He recruited Dr Narasimhan to TIFR in 1954 with the express mandate to build a digital computing group as part of a low profile instrumentation group.</div>
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"After some preliminary efforts at building digital logic sub-assemblies, a decision was taken towards late 1954, to design and build a full scale general purpose electronic digital computer, using contemporary technology," Dr Narasimhan told me.</div>
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"The group consisted of six people, of which except I, none had been outside India. Moreover, none of us had ever used a computer much less designed or built one!" Dr Narasimhan recalled.</div>
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The group built a pilot machine in less than two years, to prove their design concepts in logic circuits.</div>
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Soon after the pilot machine became operational, in late 1956, work started on building a full scale machine, named TIFR Automatic Computer (TIFRAC), in 1957.</div>
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Learning from the design details of the computer at the University of Illinois, TIFRAC was completed in two years.</div>
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However, the lack of a suitably air-conditioned room, delayed the testing and commissioning of the machine by a year!</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-sanjiv-arora.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Sanjiv Arora, theoretical computer scientist.</div>
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Comparing these efforts with the contemporary state of the art in the 1950s, Dr Narasimhan said, "Looking at the Princeton computer, IBM 701, and the two TIFR machines, it emerges that except for its size, the TIFR pilot machine was quite in pace with the state of the art in 1954."</div>
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"TIFRAC too was not very much behind the attempts elsewhere in 1957, but by the time it was commissioned in 1960, computer technology had surged ahead to the second generation."</div>
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"Only large scale manufacturers had the production know-how to build transistorised second generation computers."</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-umesh-vazirani.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Umesh Vazirani, computer researcher.</div>
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TIFRAC, however, served the computing needs of the budding Indian computer scientists for four more years, working even double shift.</div>
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The project created a nucleus of hardware designers and software programmers and spread computer consciousness among Indian researchers.</div>
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Meanwhile, computing groups had sprung up in Kolkata at the Indian Statistical Institute and the Jadavpur Engineering College as well.</div>
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In the mid-'sixties TIFR acquired the first ever high-end machine produced by Control Data Corporation, CDC 3600, and established a national computing facility.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-kesav-nori.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Kesav V Nori, computer scientist educationist.</div>
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The other source of computer science in India came from the new set of Indian Institutes of Technology being established in Kharagpur, Kanpur, Bombay, Delhi and Madras.</div>
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IIT Kanpur became the first engineering college to start a computer science group with a Masters and even a PhD programme in the late '60s.</div>
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That was really ambitious when only a handful of universities in the world had such programmes.</div>
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H Kesavan, V Rajaraman, H N Mahabala, Kesav Nori, H Sahasrabuddhe at IIT Kanpur played a key role in computer science education in India.</div>
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"At the risk of not specialising in a subject, I purposefully chose different topics in computer science for my PhD students -- 32 till the '80s when I stopped doing active research -- who then went on to work in different fields of computer science," remembers Rajaraman.</div>
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"Those days, I thought since computer science was in its infancy in India, we could ill afford narrow specialisation," Rajaraman adds.</div>
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Generations of computer science students in India thank Rajaraman for his lucidly written, inexpensive textbooks.</div>
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They went a long way in popularising computing.</div>
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"At that time foreign text books had barely started appearing and yet proved to be expensive. So, I decided to write a range of textbooks," says Rajaraman.</div>
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"The condition I had put before my publisher was simple -- that production should be of decent quality. but the book be priced so that the cost of photocopying would be higher than buying the book," he says.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-narendra-karmarkar.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Narendra Karmarkar, mathematician.</div>
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The combination of research at TIFR, the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and teaching combined with research at the five new IITs, led to a fairly rapid growth of computer science community.</div>
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Today, computer science and engineering graduates from IITs and other engineering colleges are in great demand from prestigious universities and hi-tech corporations all over the world.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-rajiv-motwani.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Dr Rajeev Motwani, mentor to Google's founders.</div>
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However, the late Dr Rajeev Motwani, an alumnus of IIT Kanpur, guru to Sergei Brin and Larry Paige -- founders of Google and a professor of computer science at Stanford University, recalled to me in 2002, "I did my PhD work at Berkeley and am currently actively involved in teaching at Stanford, but the days I spent in IIT Kanpur are unforgettable. I would rate that programme, and the ambience created by teachers and classmates, etc, better than any I have seen elsewhere."</div>
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Winner of the prestigious Godel Prize in computer science and a technical advisor to Google, Dr Motwani was no mean achiever himself.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-manindra-agarwal.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Manindra Agrawal, innovator.</div>
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If we are looking for global headline grabbing development in computer science from India, then surely there is no better achievement than that of Manindra Agarwal a faculty member at IIT Kanpur and his two undergraduate students, Neeraj Kayal and Nitin Saxena.</div>
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On August 8, 2002, Agrawal, Kayal and Saxena made the headlines of <em>The New York Times</em> -- a rare happening for any group of scientists.</div>
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Two days earlier, they had announced in a research paper that they had solved the centuries old problem of a test for the prime nature of a number.</div>
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Their algorithm showed that it is computable in a finite amount of time -- in 'polynomial time' to be exact in computer science jargon.</div>
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The claim was immediately checked worldwide and hailed as an important achievement in global computer science circles.</div>
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Many looked at it as a tribute to education at the IITs.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-madhu-sudan.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Madhu Sudan, computer scientist.</div>
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Many Indian students of computer science have gone on to put their stamp on global computer science: R Narasimhan, Raj Reddy, Narendra Karmarkar, Rajiv Motwani, Umesh Vazirani, Madhu Sudan, Sanjiv Arora, Luv Grover, Ravi Kannan, Manindra Agarwal to mention a few.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-ravi-kannan.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Ravi Kannan.</div>
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Indians have won all the major honours and awards in computer science like the Turing Award, Fulkerson Prize; Nevanlinna Prize; Godel Prize etc.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-luv-grover.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: Luv Grover.</div>
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Besides Saraswati -- the Goddess of wisdom and learning -- computer science in India has won over Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth as well.</div>
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Today, the Indian IT industry involves over 2 million engineers that do business worth over $160 billion a year and growing and have a multinational presence.</div>
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A pioneering company like TCS (1968) today is the largest IT company with over 400,000 engineers and a market cap of about $120 billion that rivals any other in the world.</div>
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The fruits of computer science are now available to over a billion Indians in their daily life with the largest digital projects in the world like Aadhaar, computerisation of Indian Railways, technology enabled financial systems, stock markets and banking and so on.</div>
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<img alt="" class="imgwidth" src="https://im.rediff.com/news/2019/aug/22comp-sc-f-c-kohli.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; margin: 3px 8px 8px 0px; max-width: 670px;" width="99%" /></div>
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IMAGE: F C Kohli, the mastermind behind TCS's success story.</div>
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It is time we salute the foresight of Homi Bhabha and R Narasimhan who started the computer science group at TIFR and J R D Tata and F C Kohli who pioneered the IT business with TCS.</div>
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<strong>Shivanand Kanavi, is former VP, TCS, adjunct faculty at NIAS and author of <em>Sand Silicon: The Amazing Story of Digital Technology</em>.</strong></div>
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<strong>All Photographs: Kind courtesy, Shivanand Kanavi.</strong></div>
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Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-59836826959663840852019-01-20T12:40:00.000+05:302019-01-20T12:40:40.806+05:30Interview Prof S Settar on art and artisans of Ancient India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; font-size: 20.0pt;">ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಸಂಶೋಧಕ ಪ್ರಾ. </span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt;">ಷ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; font-size: 20.0pt;">ಡಕ್ಷರ
ಶೆಟ್ಟರ ಅವ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 20.0pt;">ರೊಂದಿಗೆ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; font-size: 20.0pt;"> ಒಂದು ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆ</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">ಸದ್ಧ್ಯ NIAS ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅತಿಥಿ ಪ್ರಾಧ್ಯಾಪಕರಾದ ಷ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; font-size: 14.0pt;">ಡಕ್ಷರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> ಶೆಟ್ಟರ ಅವರು ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಇತಿಹಾಸಕಾರರು. ಅನೇಕ ವಿಷಯಗಳೊಡನೆ ಅವರು <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶಿಲ್ಪ, ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು, ಲಿಪಿಗಳ ಬೆಳವಣಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು
ಲಿಪಿಕಾರರ ಬಗೆಗೆ ಅಮೂಲ್ಯವಾದ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ ಅವರನ್ನು ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ
NIASನಲ್ಲಿ ಭೇಟಿ ಮಾಡಿ ಹಲ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ಚರ್ಚಿಸಿದರು. ಇದು ಆ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಯ ಪರಿಷ್ಕ್ರತ ರೂಪ. </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿವಾನಂದ ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಮೊದಲನೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಭಾಷೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">, <span lang="KN">ಲಿಪಿ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆಗೆ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಸಂಬಧಿಸಿದ್ದಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ನಿಮ್ಮ ಟೆಂಪಲ ಆರ್ಕಿಟೆಕ್ಚರ
ಬಗೆಗಿನ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಹಿಂದಿನ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ್ದು. ಈಗ ಹಾಗೆ
ನೀವು ಲಿಪಿ ಲಿಪಿಕಾರರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರೆದೀರಿ</span>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span lang="KN">ಹಂಗ ನಮ್ಮ ಗುಡಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಟೆದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಾರರು</span>; <span lang="KN">ಅವರ
ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಅವರ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಅವರು ಬಳಸಿದ
ಪರಿಕರಗಳು</span>, <span lang="KN">ಟೂಲ್ಸ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಟೆಕ್ನಾಲಜಿ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಅವರಿಗೆ ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನ ಮಾಡಿದ ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳು</span>, <span lang="KN">ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಗಳು -
ಇವುಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಕೆಲಸ ಆಗಿದೆಯಾ</span>?<br />
<b><span lang="KN">ಪ್ರಾ. ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><span lang="KN"> : ಆಗಿದೆ. ನನ್ನ
ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಲಿಪಿಕಾರರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಾನು ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗಷ್ಟೇ </span></span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ಹಿಂದೆ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ
ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರೆದಿರುವೆ. ಬಹುಷಃ ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶದೊಳಗೆ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿರುವ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> <span lang="KN">ನಾನು ಮತ್ತು </span></span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಎಸ್. ಸಿ. ಮಿಶ್ರಾ. ಅವರು ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ
ಕುರಿತಾಗಿ ಬರಿದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ವಿಸ್ತೃತವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರಿದಿರೋದು ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುಷಃ ನಾನೊಬ್ಬನೇ ಎಂದು ಕಾಣುತ್ತೆ. ನನಗೆ
ಅದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಒಂದು ತರಹದ ಹುಚ್ಚು ಇತ್ತು. ಇದುವರೆಗೆ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳನ್ನ ಹೊರಗಿಟ್ಟು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಬರೀ ಕಲೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೈಲಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದೀವಿ ಅಂತ
ನನಗೆ ಅನಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ನಾನು ಇಂಡೀಯನ್ ಹಿಸ್ಟರಿ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ಸಿನ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷನಾದಾಗ ಕೂಡ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭ
ಕಾಲದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಬಗ್ಗೆನೆ ನನ್ನ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಭಾಷಣದ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಬಂದಿದೆ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಜನ
ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಆಸಕ್ತರಾಗಿದಾರೆ. ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ವಿಷಯ ಅಂದ್ರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಆಕರಗಳೇನಿವೆಯಲ್ಲ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವು ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿರುವಷ್ಟು
ಬೇರೆಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಸಿಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಬಾದಾಮಿಯ ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯರ ಕಾಲದಿಂದಲೂ ಇದನ್ನು ನಾವು ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. ನನ್ನ
ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಹಳಗನ್ನಡದ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಪುಸ್ತಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಇದ್ದೇ ಇದೆ. ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನವಷ್ಟೇ
ಅಲ್ಲದೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರ ಹಸ್ತಾಕ್ಷರ ಮೊದಲು ಮಾಡಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿ
ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ಹೀಗೆ ಯಾರೂ ಮಾಡಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬುದು ನನ್ನ ಅಂದಾಜು. ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರ ಕುರಿತಾದ
ಪುಸ್ತಕವೊಂದರಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮೂರು ಅಧ್ಯಾಯಗಳಿವೆ. ಯಾವ ಯಾವ ರೀತಿಯ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೇಗಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೇಗೆ ಬದುಕಿದ್ರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಯಾವ ರೀತಿ ಕೆಲ್ಸ ಮಾಡ್ತಾ ಇದ್ರು ಎಂಬುದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ
ಆ ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಬೆಳಕು ಚೆಲ್ಲುತ್ತವೆ. ಇದೆಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರು ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದಂತ ವೃತ್ತಿಯಾತ್ರೆಗಳು.
ಎಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಯಾಣ ಬೆಳೆಸ್ತಿದ್ರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಎಷ್ಟು ದೂರದ ತನಕ ಹೋಗ್ತಾ ಇದ್ರು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ನನ್ನ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ ಭಾಷಣದ
ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ ಕೂಡ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">“ದಿ ಫೂಟ್
ಪ್ರಿಂಟ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ಅರ್ಟಿಸನ್ಸ್ ಆಫ್ ಇಂಡಿಯ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">” ("<span lang="KN">ಭಾರತೀಯ ಕುಶಲಕರ್ಮಿಗಳ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ ಗುರುತುಗಳು"). ಅಶೋಕ
ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿಯ ಕಾಲದಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ಕುಶಾಣರವರೆಗಿನ ಕುಶಲಕರ್ಮಿಗಳ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ </span></span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಮೇಲೆ ಆ ಭಾಷಣ ಬೆಳಕು ಚೆಲ್ಲುವುದು. ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ
ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅಷ್ಟಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪವಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ ಯಾವದೇ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಶಿಲ್ಪವಾದರೂ ನನ್ನ ಎಲ್ಲಾ
ಬರವಣಿಗೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇನೆ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಆಗ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲಾ ಶಾಲೆಗಳು ಇದ್ದವೇ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲಾ ಶಾಲೆಗಳು ಇದ್ದವೇ ಎಂದು ನಾವು ಎಲ್ಲಾ
ಕಡೆಗೂ ಕೇಳ್ತೀವಿ. ಆ ಕಾನ್ಸೆಪ್ಟ್ ಇತ್ತು ಅಂತ ಹೇಳಲಿಕ್ಕಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇದು ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ
ತಂದೆಯಿಂದ ಮಗನಿಗೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವನಿಂದ ಮತ್ತವನ ಮಗನಿಗೆ ಪಾರಂಪರಿಕವಾಗಿ
ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಹೋಗ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದಂತಹ ಕಲೆ. ಮೂಲ ವಾಸ್ತು ಮತ್ತು ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲಾ ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳನ್ನು
ಆಳವಾಗಿ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ ಮಾಡುವಷ್ಟು </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರು ಅಕ್ಷರಸ್ಥರಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂದು
ನನಗನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಕುಶಲಕರ್ಮಿಗಳು ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಗ್ರಂಥವಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೂ ಕೆಲ ಕೈಪಿಡಿ ತಂತ್ರಗಳು
ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕುಶಲತೆಗಳು ಇದ್ದಿದಬಹುದೆನೋ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅದನ್ನೇ ತಂದೆ ಮಗನಿಗೆ ಬಳುವಳಿಯಾಗಿ
ಕೊಟ್ಟಿರಬಹುದು ಎಂಬು ಊಹಿಸಬಹುದು. ಅದು ಕೇವಲ ಒಂದು ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಸೀಮಿತವಾಗಿದ್ದ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ
ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಅದು ಒಂದು ಪಂಗಡಕ್ಕೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸಮಾಜದ ಒಂದು
ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಸೇರಿದ್ದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಇನ್ನೊಂದೆಂದರೆ ಆಗ ಮತ್ತು ಈಗಲೂ ಕೂಡ ಈ ತರಹದ ಕಲೆಗಳು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸಂಗೀತ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ಪಾಠ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳಿಂದಲ್ಲ ಆದರೆ ಒಬ್ಬ ಗುರು ಹಿರಿಯರ
ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನದಲ್ಲಿ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅಭ್ಯಾಸ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸಾಧನೆಗಳಿಂದಲೇ
ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಕಲಿಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಪಠ್ಯಗಳೂ ಇರಬಹುದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷ ಮಾಡುವ ಮೂಲಕವೇ ಕಲಿಯುವ
ವಿದ್ಯೆ ಇದು.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಗಳೂ
ಇದ್ದವೇ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಇದ್ದವು. ನಾನು ಐ ಜಿ ಎನ್ ಸಿ ಎ (</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Indira Gandhi National
Centre for the Arts)</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಚೇರ್ಮನ್
ಆಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ಒಂದು ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರ ಮಾಡಿದ್ವಿ. ಅದರ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಉದ್ದೇಶ ಏನಂತಂದ್ರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಾಶ್ಯಪ ಶಿಲ್ಪ ಪಠ್ಯವನ್ನ ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹಿಂದೆ ಅವರು ಬಳಸಿದ್ದಂತಹ ಕಲ್ಲನ್ನೇ ನಾವೂ
ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕವಾಗಿ ಆ ಕಲೆಯನ್ನ ಬಲ್ಲ
ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳನ್ನೇ ಕರ್ಕೊಂಡು ಬಂದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ನನಗೆ ಏನು ಗೊತ್ತಿರುವ ಶೈಲಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗಳನ್ನು ನಾನು ಹೇಳಿಕೊಟ್ಟು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರು </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ತಮ್ಮ ಉಪಕರಣ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಪ್ಲಂಬ ಲೈನ್ಸ್</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ತಾಳಮಾಳ ಇವನ್ನೆಲ್ಲ ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳನ್ನು ಕಟೆಯುವದು. ಈ ತರಹದ ಮೂರು
ಕಾರ್ಯಾಗಾರಗಳನ್ನು ನಾವು ಹಮ್ಮಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ವಿ. ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿದ್ದವರನ್ನೇ ಆ
ಕೆಲಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಇನ್ವಾಲ್ವ್ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಏರ್ಪಡಿಸಿದ್ವಿ. ಅವರು ಯಾರೂ ವಿದ್ಯಾವಂತರಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ
ಅದ್ಭುತ ಕಲಾವಿದರಾಗಿದ್ರು. ಆಗ ನಾವು ೨೪ ಶಿವನ ಮೂರ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆತ್ತಿಸಿದೆವು. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಈಗಲೂ
ಇರಿಸಿದ್ದೀವಿ. ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರ ಕಾಲದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳ ಕೆತ್ತನೆ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕಿಂತ
ತುಂಬಾ ಉತ್ತಮವಾದ ಕರಕುಶಲತೆಯನ್ನ ಇಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕೆಂಗುಂಟೆ ರಸ್ತೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಲಾಗ್ರಾಮದ
ಕ್ಯಾಂಪಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವನ್ನ ಗಮನಿಸಬಹುದು. ಅಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಒಂದು ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿಯನ್ನೂ ಕೂಡ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಸುಮಾರು
ಮೂರರಿಂದ ಐದಡಿ ಎತ್ತರದ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಶಿಲ್ಪ. ಈ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಈ ಕೆಲ್ಸ ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸಿದಾಗ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರು ದಿನಾಲೂ ಸುಮಾರು ಐದೂವರೆಗೆ ಎದ್ದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ತಮ್ಮ ಎಂದಿನ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳನ್ನು ಪಾಲಿಸಿಯೇ
ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆಯನ್ನ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವೀಡಿಯೋ ಎಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದ್ದೆವೆ. ಅವು
ಅಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇವೆ. ನನ್ನ ಉದ್ದೇಶ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲೆಯನ್ನ ರಿಕ್ರಿಯೇಟ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯನ್ನು
ತೋರಿಸುವುದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರು ಮೂಲದಿಂದಲೇ ತುಂಬ ಕುಶಲಕಲಾಕರ್ಮಿಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದರು. ಅವರು ಹೆಚ್ಚು
ವಿದ್ಯಾವಂತರಲ್ಲದ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಈ ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ವಾಸ್ತು ಪಠ್ಯವನ್ನ ಶಿಲೆಗೆ
ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ತಂತ್ರಗಾರಿಕೆ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಅಷ್ಟೇ. ಮತ್ತು ಒಮ್ಮೊಮ್ಮೆ ಅವರು ಎಲ್ಲ
ಶೈಲಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಮಿಕ್ಸ್ ಮಾಡಿಬಿಡ್ತಾ ಇದ್ರು. ಅವರ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯೊಳಗ ಅದೆ ಉತ್ತಮ. </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆದರೆ ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯರ ಕಾಲದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆ ಬೇರೆ.
ಚೋಳರ ಶೈಲಿಯೇ ಬೇರೆ. ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅದು ಗೊತ್ತಾಗ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅವರು ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರದ್ದು ಮತ್ತು ಚೋಳರದ್ದು ಎರಡನ್ನೂ
ಸೇರಿಸಿಬಿಡ್ತಾ ಇದ್ರು.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಈಗ ಇತಿಹಾಸವನ್ನ ಗಮನಿಸಿ
ಹೇಳೋದಾದರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರ ನಂತರ ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಅರಸರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆ
ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾದಾಗ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತೀಯ ಶೈಲಿಯೇ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು. ಗ್ರಾನೈಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆತ್ತನೆ ಮಾಡ್ತಾ
ಇದ್ದ ಚೋಳ ಶೈಲಿಯ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಅವರದ್ದೇ ಒಂದು ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಶೈಲಿಯನ್ನ ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಾಕಿದ್ರು. ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ
ಆರಂಭದ ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯರು ಕೇವಲ ಮರಳುಗಲ್ಲನ್ನು (ಸ್ಯಾಂಡ್ ಸ್ಟೋನ್) ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಳಸ್ತಾ ಇದ್ರು. ಅವರು ಬೇರೆ
ಯಾವುದನ್ನೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯರು ಮತ್ತು ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರು ಬರೀ ನುಣುಪುಗಲ್ಲನ್ನು (ಸಾಫ್ಟ್
ಸ್ಟೋನ್) ಮಾತ್ರ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರ ನಂತರ ಗ್ರಾನೈಟ್ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಮಾಧ್ಯಮವಾಗಿ
ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿತು.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಈ ತಂಜಾವೂರಿನ ಬೃಹದೇಶ್ವರ ಟೆಂಪಲ್ ಇದೆಯಲ್ಲ
ಅದು ಗ್ರ್ಯಾನೈಟು ಅಲ್ಲವೇ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ತಮಿಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಏನೇನು ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆ ಇದೆಯೋ
ಅದೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಗ್ರಾನೈಟ್ ನಿಂದ ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುವುದು. ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಅರಸರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು ಒಂದು
ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕವಾಯಿತು. ಅಂದರೆ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳು ಪೂರ್ತಿ ಅವರ
ಮಾದರಿಯನ್ನೇ ಅನುಸರಿಸಿದರು. ಅದಕ್ಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಇದು ಪಾಂಡ್ಯರದ್ದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇದು ಚೋಳರದ್ದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅಂತ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕಿಸಿ ಹೇಳಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರು
ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ತಂತ್ರಗಾರಿಕೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಉಪಕರಣಗಳು ಇವೆಲ್ಲಕ್ಕೂ ಇದು ಅನ್ವಯವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಒಂದು ಕೈಪಿಡಿಯನ್ನು ಆಧಾರವಾಗಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಂಡು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ತಮ್ಮ ತಂದೆಯ ಅಥವಾ ಪಂಗಡದ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥನ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ನಿರ್ದೇಶನದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> <span lang="KN">ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಲ್ಪಕಲೆಯನ್ನು ಕಲಿತರು ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಬಹುದು.</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅಕ್ಷರ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಇತ್ತಾ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಅಕ್ಷರಾಭ್ಯಾಸ ಮಾಡಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಅಂದರೆ. ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ
ಕೆಲವು ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತಮ್ಮ ಹೆಸರನ್ನು ಬರೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಷ್ಟು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅಕ್ಷರಜ್ಞಾನ ಇತ್ತು ಇನ್ನುಳಿದವರಿಗೆ ತಮ್ಮ
ಹೆಸರನ್ನು ಬರೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವಷ್ಟು ಕೂಡಾ ಸರಿಯಾದ ಅಕ್ಷರಜ್ಞಾನ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ ತಪ್ಪು ಮಾಡತಿದ್ದರು.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಹಂಗಂದ್ರ ಈ ಕಿರಾತಾರ್ಜುನ </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಮುಂತಾದ ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶಗಳನ್ನ ಅವರು ಹೆಂಗ
ಸಾಕ್ಷಾತ್ಕರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಓದಾಕ ಬರಿಯಾಕ ಬರ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ ಅಂದ್ರೂನೂ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕತೆಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಅಂತ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. ಕಥಾಸಮಯ
ಅನ್ನುವುದು ಎಲ್ಲ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲೂ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುವಂಥದ್ದೇ. ಆ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳು ಪಠ್ಯಗಳಿಂದಲೇ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆವಿರ್ಭವಿಸಿದವು ಅಂತಲ್ಲ. ಕಲ್ಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಥೆಗಳು
ಅಂತ ಏನು ಹೇಳ್ತೀವಿ ಅವು ಎರಡು ವಿಧ. ತನ್ನ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯವನ್ನ ಅಭಿವ್ಯಕ್ತಗೊಳಿಸುವದಕ್ಕೆ ನರೆಟಿವ್
ಅನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ಆತ ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದ. ಒಮ್ಮೊಮ್ಮೆ ಕಥೆ ಒಂದು ಪೂರ್ತಿ ಪ್ಯಾನೆಲ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ
ಇರ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಒಂದೇ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನೊಳಗೆ ಸ್ಥಗಿತವಾಗಿರ್ತದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ರಾವಣ
ಕೈಲಾಸವನ್ನ ಎತ್ತಿದ್ದು. ಸಮುದ್ರಮಥನ ಅಥವಾ ಮಹಿಷಾಸುರ ಮರ್ದನ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ. ಇಡೀ ಪೌರಾಣಿಕ
ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶವನ್ನ ಒಂದೇ ಕಲ್ಲಿನೊಳಗೆ ಕೆತ್ತಿಡೂದು ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಅದು ಒಂದು ಸವಾಲೇ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಈ ಏಕಶಿಲಾ ಕೆತ್ತನೆಗಳಾಗಿರಬಹುದು ಅಥವಾ
ಕಥಾನಕಗಳು ಆಗಿರಬಹುದು. ಇವೆಲ್ಲ ಅವರಿಗೆ ತಮ್ಮ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯವನ್ನ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು
ಅವಕಾಶ ಕಲ್ಪಿಸಿ ಕೊಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಭೀಮವಿಜಯದ
ಕಥೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂತೂ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆ ಸಂಭ್ರಮವನ್ನ ಪ್ರಕಟಪಡಿಸ್ತಾ ಇರೋ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಮೇಳದವರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ನಗಾರಿ
ಬಾರಿಸೋವ್ರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹಾಡು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ನೃತ್ಯ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು
ಬರ್ತಾ ಇರೋರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇವೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನ ತೋರಿಸ್ತಾರೆ. ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ
ಖಾಲೀ ಜಾಗೆಯನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ತುಂಬುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು ಎನ್ನುವದನ್ನು ನಾವು ನೋಡಬಹುದು. ಅದೂ ಅವರ
ಕೌಶಲ್ಯವನ್ನು ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಕೆಲುವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಅದು ಅದ್ಭುತವಾಗಿ ಕಲಾತ್ಮಕವಾಗಿರುತ್ತಿತ್ತು
ಕೆಲುವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸಾಧಾರಣವಾಗಿರುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಕೆಲವೊಂದು ಪಠ್ಯಗಳು ಪಂಥಾಭಿಮಾನಿಯಾಗಿ
ಸೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಯನ್ ಆಗಿ ಇರ್ತಾವ. ಆದರೆ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿ ಅವೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನ ಅನುಸರಿಸದೇನೇ ಇರಬಹುದು. ಅವನಿಗೆ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶಿವಾ ಅಂದ್ರೂ ಅಷ್ಟ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವಿಷ್ಣು ಅಂದ್ರೂನೂ ಅಷ್ಟ. ಅವಾಗ ಹೆಂಗ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಹೌದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಒಬ್ಬ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿ
ತನ್ನ ಕೆತ್ತನೆ ಕೆಲಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಗ್ನ ಆಗಿರುವಾಗ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವನ ಮೇಲಿನವ ಒಬ್ಬ
ಪುರೋಹಿತ ಬಂದು ಮಾರ್ಗದರ್ಶನ ಮಾಡುವಂಥ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಮಾ
ಕೆತ್ತು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಇದನ್ನ ಮಾಡು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅದನ್ನ ಮಾಡು ಎಂದೆನ್ನುವ ಹೊತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಪ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಹಾಗೇ ಮಾಡಿರಬಹುದಾದ
ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಗಳಿವೆ. ಅವರಿಗೇನು ಒಟ್ಟ ತಮಗೆ ಆಶ್ರಯ ನೀಡಿದವರ ಮಾತುಗಳನ್ನ ಕೇಳುವುದು ಮತ್ತು
ಪಾಲಿಸುವುದು ಗೊತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಆದರೆ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಆಶ್ರಯದಾತರಿಗೆ
ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲಿಲ್ಲ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶರಣಾಗತಿಯ ಭಾವನೆ ತೋರಿಸಲಿಲ್ಲ. ತಮಗೆ ಸರಿ
ಅನಿಸಿದ್ದನ್ನ ಎಷ್ಟೋ ಕಡೆ ಅವರು ಮಾಡಿದರು.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಅರಸರ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆಯೊಳಗ
ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಈ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಭಂಗ ಬಂದದ್ದನ್ನ ನಾವು
ಗಮನಿಸಬಹುದು. ಶೈವ- ವೈಷ್ಣವ ಪಂಥಾಭಿಮಾನ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇವೆಲ್ಲ
ಹೆಚ್ಚಾದವು. ಆದರೆ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯ ಮಾತ್ರ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಯದೇ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆಗ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಅವರ ಕಲ್ಪನೆಯನ್ನ ಕಲ್ಲಿಗೆ
ಇಳಿಸಿ ಅದ್ಭುತ ಅನುವಂತಹ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆ ಮಾಡಿದ್ರು ಸರಿ. ಆದರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆವಾಗ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರಿಗೆ ಒಂದು
ರೂಪುರೇಷೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಪ್ಲಾನ್ ಅಥವಾ ಪೂರ್ತಿ ಡಿಸೈನ್ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಡಾಕ
ಆರ್ಕಿಟೆಕ್ಟ್ಸ್</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಇದ್ದರಾ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಹೌದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಆರ್ಕಿಟೆಕ್ಟ್ಸ್
ಇರ್ತಿದ್ರು ಅವಾಗೂನೂ. ಸಾಧಾರಣ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳಿಗೆ ತಾವೇನು ಕೆತ್ತಲಿದ್ದೇವೆ ಅನ್ನೂದರ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಅಂದಾಜು
ಇರ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ ಒಂದು ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟತಾ ಇದ್ದಾರೆ ಅಂದ್ರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಪರೀತ ಶ್ರಮ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ರೂಪುರೇಷೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸಮಯ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಕೆಲಸ
ಮಾಡ್ತಿದ್ರು. ಬೃಹದೇಶ್ವರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕೈಲಾಸ ಇವೆಲ್ಲಾ ಬಹಳಾ ಮುತುವರ್ಜಿಯಿಂದ
ಮಾಡಿದಂಥಾ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು. ಸಾಟಿಯಿಲ್ಲದಂತಹ ತಾಂತ್ರಿಕ ಕುಶಲಗಾರಿಕೆಯನ್ನ ನಾವು ಆಗಿನ ಕೆತ್ತನೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ
ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ಅವರು ಸಿಮೆಂಟ ಮುಂತಾದವನ್ನು ಬಳಸ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಮತ್ತೆ ಎಷ್ಟೋ ಸಾರಿ ಅವರು ಒಂದೇ
ಕಲ್ಲಿನೊಳಗ ಕೆತ್ತುತ್ತಾನೂ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಎರಡೆರಡು ಕಲ್ಲುಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಅವರ ಕ್ರಮ ಬಹಳ
ಮೆಚ್ಚುವಂಥದ್ದು. ಅದೊಂದು ಅಪೂರ್ವವಾದ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅದ್ಭುತ ನೈಪುಣ್ಯತೆ ಅಂತಲೇ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. ಈಗ
ಸ್ಟ್ರಕ್ಚರಲ್ ಇಂಜಿನೀರಿಂಗ ಅಂತ ನಾವೇನು ಹೇಳ್ತೀವಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವೆಲ್ಲ ಆಗಲೂ
ಇದ್ದವು.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಇದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಲಿಖಿತ ರೂಪದೊಳಗ ಏನಾದ್ರೂ
ದಸ್ತಾವೇಜುಗಳು ಸಿಕ್ಕಿವೆಯಾ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">; </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವರು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಂತಹ ಸಲಕರಣೆಗಳು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಉಪಕರಣಗಳು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ
ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಈಗಿನವರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಾವು ಸಂಗ್ರಹ ಮಾಡ್ತಾ ಇದೀವಿ.
ಹಿಂದ ಬಹುಷ: ತಾಳೆಗರಿಗಳನ್ನ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಈ ಕೌಶಲ್ಯಗಳನ್ನ ಲಿಖಿತರೂಪದೊಳಗೆ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿರಬಹುದು.
ಒರಿಸ್ಸಾದೊಳಗೆ ಒಂದು ಸಿಕ್ಕಿದೆ. ಎಷ್ಟು ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಅವರು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು
ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ ಕೌಶಲಗಳನ್ನ ಒಂದು ತಾಳೆಗರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿ ಇಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಮತ್ತು
ಅದನ್ನು ಅವರು ಅನುಸರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ ಕೂಡ. ಆದರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ
ಅಂಥಾವು ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಲ್ಲ. ನಮ್ಮವರು ಬರವಣಿಗೆಕಿಂತಾ ಕೆತ್ತನೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br /></span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಆಗಮ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದೊಳಗ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಇವೆ
ಅಂತಾರೆ. ಅದು ಕೇವಲ ಪೂಜೆ ಪುನಸ್ಕಾರಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆನಾ ಅಥವಾ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ ಇದೆಲ್ಲ ಬಗ್ಗೆಯೂ ಪ್ರಸ್ತಾಪವಿದೆಯಾ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಪೂಜೆ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅವರು
ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖ ಮಾಡ್ತಾರೆ. ಆದರೆ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವ ಜಾಗೆ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಯಾವ ರೀತಿ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣಾ ಆಗಬೇಕು
ಅವೆಲ್ಲಾನೂ ಬರ್ತಾವು. ಆಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ಲಂಬ್ ಲೈನ್ಸ್ ಹ್ಯಾಗೆ </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ತೈಯಾರಿಸಬೇಕು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">, </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ಆಯ್ಕೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇವೂ ಭಾಳ ಮುಖ್ಯ. ಆದರೆ ನನಗನ್ನಿಸುತ್ತೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಇದೆಲ್ಲಾ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಅವರ ಸ್ವಂತ
ಅನುಭವದಿಂದ ಬಂದಿರೂದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಗ್ರಂಥಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಲಿತು ಅನುಸರಿಸಿ ಅಲ್ಲ ಅಂತ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದೊಳಗ
ಸ್ಕೇಲ್</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಅನ್ನುವುದು ಇರ್ತದೆ. ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಈ
ಸ್ಕೇಲ್ ಅನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ಕೂಡಾ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನದೊಳಗೇನೆ ಬರೆದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಟ್ಟಿರುವಂಥದ್ದು
ಇದೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">;</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ದೇವಕೊಳ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ದೇವಕೋಲು
ಎಂದೆನ್ನುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಒಮ್ಅಮ್ಥಒಮ್ಮೊಮ್ಮೆ ಒಬ್ಬ ಆಶ್ರಯದಾತ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಯಜಮಾನನ ಎತ್ತರದ
ಮೇಲೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅವನ ಅಂಗಾಂಗಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಸ್ಕೇಲು ತೈಯಾರು
ಮಾಡ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ನಮಗೆ ಇಂಥ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಗಳು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸಿಗ್ತಾವ.</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ಜ್ಞಾನ
ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಮೌಖಿಕವಾಗಿ ಇತ್ತಾ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">?</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><br />
</span><b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"> ಇಲ್ಲ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಜ್ಞಾನ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ
ರೂಢಿಯಿಂದ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಸ್ವತಃ ಮಾಡುವುದರಿಂದ ಬಂದದ್ದು. ನಂತರ ಅದನ್ನ
ಮೌಖಿಕವಾಗಿ ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬರಿಗೆ ವರ್ಗಾಯಿಸತಿದ್ದರು. ಶಿಷ್ಯರು ಗುರುಗಳಿಂದ ಕಲಿತಿದ್ದರು.
ಗಮನಿಸಬೇಕಾದ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಅಂಶ ಅಂದರೆ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳಿಗೆ ಯಾವ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಯ ಹೆಸರನ್ನೂ
ನೀಡಲಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಯಾಕಂದ್ರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಒಂದು ಅದು ಕೂಡಿ ಜೋಡಿಸಿ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಒಂದೆ ಕಲ್ಲಿನೊಳಗ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ ಅವರಿಗೆ
ಒಬ್ಬ ನಾಯಕ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಮಾಸ್ಟರ್ ಅಂತ ಇರ್ತಿದ್ದ. ಈಗ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಕಲಾ
ಇತಿಹಾಸವನ್ನ ಗಮನಿಸೋದಾದ್ರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅದರ ರೂವಾರಿ ಅಥವಾ ಮಾಸ್ಟರ್ ಅಂತ
ಮಲ್ಲಿತಮ್ಮನನ್ನ ಗುರುತಿಸಲಾಗ್ತದೆ. ಅವನು ಹರಿಹರದಿಂದ ಸೋಮನಾಥಪುರತನಕ ಬಂದಿದ್ದನ್ನ ನಾನು
ಚಾರ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೀನಿ. ಅವನು ಪ್ರತಿ ನಾಲ್ಕು ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಗೊಮ್ಮೆ ತನ್ನ ಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನ ಬಿಟ್ಟು
ಬೇರೆ ಪ್ರದೇಶಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುವುದು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ
ಮಾಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಸಾಧಾರಣ ಎಷ್ಟು ಸಮಯ ಹಿಡಿದಿರಬಹುದು ಅನ್ನುವುದನ್ನ ಪತ್ತೆ ಮಾಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ನನಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ
ಮಾಡ್ತು. ಕೆಲವರು ಹೇಳ್ತಾರ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಇದು ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಆಗಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ನೂರು ವರ್ಷ</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಹಿಡಿದಿರಬೇಕು</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">,</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಅಂತ. ಅದು ನಿಜ ಅಲ್ಲ. ನಾಲ್ಕು ಅಥವಾ ಐದು </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಅದು ಯಾವತ್ತೂ
ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಗೆ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಯಾವುದೇ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಆ ಕಾಲಾವಧಿಯೊಳಗ ಅದನ್ನ ಮುಗಿಸಲಿಕ್ಕೆ
ಆಗಲಿಲ್ಲ ಅಂದುಕೊಳ್ರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="KN">ಅಂಥದು ಯಾವತ್ತೂ ಮುಗೀಲೇ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ವಲಸೆ ಹೋಗ್ತಾ
ಇದ್ದಂತಹ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ಯೋಜನೆಗೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಸಮಯ ತಗುಲ್ತಾ ಇತ್ತು ಅನ್ನುವುದನ್ನ
ತಿಳಿಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಸಹಾಯವಾಯ್ತು. ಅವರು ಸೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಯನ್ ಇದ್ರೋ ಇಲ್ಲೋ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಬರೀ
ವೈಷ್ಣವ ದೇಗುಲಗಳನ್ನಷ್ಟ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದರೋ ಅಥವಾ ಶೈವ ದೇಗುಲಗಳನ್ನೂ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದರೋ ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ ಅಂಶಗಳು
ಗೊತ್ತಾಗ್ತವೆ.</span><br />
<span lang="KN">ಯಾಕಂದರೆ ಕೆಲವು ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು</span>, <span lang="KN">ಅವರ ಕುಶಲತೆಯ
ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಒಂದು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಪಂಗಡದ ಮೇಲಷ್ಟೇ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿದ್ರು. ಶ್ರೀವೈಷ್ಣವ ಪಂಗಡ ಬಂದ ಮೇಲೆ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಒಂದು ಹೊಸ ರೀತಿ</span>, <span lang="KN">ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಪಠ್ಯ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಚಲನೆ</span>, <span lang="KN">ಹೊಸತನ</span>,
<span lang="KN">ವೈಷ್ಣವ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಳಿಗೆ ಬಂತು.</span> <span lang="KN">ಒಂದೇ ಶೈಲಿಯೊಳಗ
ನುರಿತಂತ ಕಲಾವಿದ ಒಬ್ಬ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಕುಶಲತೆಯಿಂದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಗಾರಿಕೆ ಮಾಡ್ತಿದ್ದ.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರೊಳಗ ಶೈವರೂ ಇದ್ರು. ಆದರೆ
ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ಹೇಳೋದಾದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span lang="KN">ಈ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಒಂದು ನಮೂನಿ ಕಾರಿನ ಚಾಲಕರಿದ್ದಂಗ. ಕಾರು</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲಿತವರು ಯಾವ ಕಾರಾದರೂ ಓಡಿಸಬಹುದು.
ವರ್ಸಟೈಲ್ ಆಗಿದ್ರು.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಅಂದ್ರ ಅವರು ಸೆಕ್ಯುಲರ್
ಅಥವಾ ವ್ಯವಸಾಯಿಕ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಇದ್ರು ಅಂತೀರಿ </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಈಗ ನೋಡ್ರಿ. ಅದ್ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಹಾ
ಎರಡು ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯಗಳು ಇದ್ವು. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ಅಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ಇತ್ತು ಅಂತಿಲ್ಲ. ಅವರು
ಸೆಕ್ಟೇರಿಯನ್ ಇದ್ರು ಅಂತಲೂ ಅಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಲ್ಲ ಅಂತಾನೂ ಹೇಳಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಆಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಅವ್ರು ಶೈವ ಅಥವಾ ವೈಷ್ಣವ
ಭಕ್ತರಾಗಿದ್ದರಾ ಅಂತ ಕೇಳಿಕೊಂಡರ ಅದಕ್ಕ ತಕ್ಕ ಉತ್ತರ ಸಿಗೂದಿಲ್ಲ. ಆನಂದ ಕುಮಾರಸ್ವಾಮಿಯವರು
ಮತ್ತು ಅದಕೂ ಮೊದಲು ಈ. ಬಿ. ಹೆವೆಲ್ ಅವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲಾಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು
ಅನಾಮಧೇಯರಾಗಿರಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಬಯಸಿದ್ರು ಅಂತ ಹೇಳಿದರು. ಅವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ತಮ್ಮ ಕಲಾವಂತಿಕೆಯನ್ನ
ವ್ಯಕ್ತಪಡಿಸೋದೇ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇವರ
ಮೂರ್ತಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮರುಸೃಷ್ಟಿ ಮಾಡುವುದೇ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯ ಆರಾಧನಾಭಾವವನ್ನು
ತಂದುಕೊಡ್ತಿತ್ತು.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆದರೆ ನಾನು ಅದಕ್ಕ
ವ್ಯತಿರಿಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಬರೆದೀನಿ. ಯಾಕಂದ್ರೆ ಅಂಥಾ ಒಂದು ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶ ಆಗ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾವನೆ ಆಗ್ಲಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಲೇ
ಇಲ್ಲ. ಮಾಡಿದ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದು ಮುಗಿದ ಮೇಲೆ ಅವರು ಹೊರಡತಿದ್ರು. ಪ್ರತಿಫಲ
ಇಲ್ಲದ ಕಡೆ ಅವರು ನಿಂತಿದ್ದನ್ನ ನಾವು ಕಾಣೋದೇ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಹಂಗಾಗಿಯೇ ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ದೇವಾಲಯಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ
ಅರ್ಧಕ್ಕೇ ನಿಂತಿರುವುದನ್ನ ನಾವು ಇವತ್ತಿಗೂ ಕಾಣ್ತೀವಿ. ಭಕ್ತಿ ಅದೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಲ್ಲಾ ನಾವು ಊಹೆ ಮಾಡಿ
ಹೇಳೋದು ಅಷ್ಟೇ. ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಗಾಗಿನೇ ಇದನ್ನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾಡತಿದ್ರು. ಯಾವಾಗ ಒಂದು ಜಾಗಾದೊಳಗ
ಕೂಲಿ ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲೋ ಅವರು ತಮ್ಮ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಷೇತ್ರವನ್ನ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿಕೊಂಡುಬಿಡತಿದ್ರು. ಅದರೊಳಗೂ ಕೆಲವು
ಜನ ಮಾತ್ರ ನಮ್ಮೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವ ದೇಗುಲಕ್ಕೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ನಾನು ಕೆಲಸಾ ಮಾಡತೀನಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೇರೆ ಊರಿಗೆ ನಾನು
ಹೋಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಅಂತ ಹೇಳತಿದ್ರು. ಹಿಂಗಾಗಿ ಅವರ ಹೆಸರುಗಳು ಸ್ಥಳೀಯವಾಗಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ನಮಗ ನೋಡಲಿಕ್ಕೆ
ಸಿಗ್ತವೆ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮ್ಮ ಬೇಲೂರಿನ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನ
ಕಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಲಕ್ಕುಂಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೇಶ್ವರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗದಗನಿಂದ ಬಂದವರೇ ಆಗಿದ್ರು. ಅವರ ಕೆಲಸಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವರೇ ಆ ಊರುಗಳ
ಹೆಸರುಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಳಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಯಾಕಂದ್ರೆ ಬೇಲೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗ ಯಾವ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳೂ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಇಡೀ
ಬೇಲೂರಿನ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಆಗಿರೋದೇ ಉತ್ತರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳಿಂದ. ಅವರ ಹೆಸರುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಹ
ಅವರು ಬರೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದಾರೆ. ತಾಳಗುಂದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗದಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲಕ್ಕುಂಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೇಶ್ವರ. ಇವತ್ತಿಗೂನೂ ಅವು ಶಿಲ್ಪದ ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳು. ಅದರಲ್ಲೂ ಗದಗ
ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಖ್ಯಾತ ಕೇಂದ್ರವಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ವಿಷ್ಣುವರ್ಧನ ದೇಗುಲ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಮಾಡಬೇಕು ಅಂದಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾದರಿ ಅಂದ್ರ ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯ
ದೇಗುಲಗಳೇ ಆಗಿದ್ವು. ಅವನ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯೊಳಗೂನೂ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳು ಅಂದ್ರ ಚಾಳುಕ್ಯ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳೇ ಆಗಿದ್ರು.
ಆಗ ಬೇಲೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿಗಳೇ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ :</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಎಷ್ಟು ಕಾಲ ಹಿಂದಕ್ಕೆ
ಚಾಚಿಕೊಂಡಿದೆ ಅಂತೀರಿ ಈ ದೇಗುಲ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ ಐತಿಹ್ಯ </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ನೋಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈಗ ಗುಡಿ ಮತ್ತು ದೇಗುಲಗಳಿಗೆ
ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ಇದೆ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗುಡಿಗೆ ಭಿನ್ನವಾದ ಕಟ್ಟಡದ ಮಾದರಿ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಯಾವದೇ
ರೀತಿಯ ವಿಶೇಷ ವಾಸ್ತು ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ ಬೇಕಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಭಕ್ತರಿಗೆ ಮಧ್ಯವರ್ತಿಯ ಅಗತ್ಯವೂ
ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಮಾನವ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ನಾವು ಗುಡಿಗಳ ಇರುವಿಕೆಯನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಐತಿಹ್ಯವನ್ನ ಗಮನಿಸಬಹುದು.
ಇವತ್ತಿಗೂ ಮರದ ಕೆಳಗ ಒಂದು ಸಣ್ಣ ಗುಡಿ ಮಾಡಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪೂಜಿಸೋದನ್ನ ನಾವು ನೋಡ್ತೀವಿ. ದೇಗುಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಂದಿರ ಇದಕ್ಕಿಂತ
ಭಿನ್ನವಾದದ್ದು.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಬೌದ್ಧ ಮಂದಿರಗಳು ಬೇರೆ ಒಂದು
ರೀತಿ ಮೊನಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಕ್ರಿಯೇಶನ್ಸ್. ಹಿಂದು ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳು ಬೌದ್ಧ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇಗುಲಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದಿಂದ
ಪ್ರಭಾವಿತಗೊಂಡಿದ್ವು ಅಂತಲೇ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. ಸ್ಥೂಲವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳೊದಾದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕ್ರಿ.ಶ. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೆ ಶತಮಾನಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂಚೆ ನಮಗೆ
ಹಿಂದು ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳು ಸಿಗುವುದೇ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಗುಡಿಗಳು ಇದ್ವು. ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಣ್ಣ ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಮಂದಿರಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಒಂದು ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಲ್ಲಿಟ್ಟು ಪೂಜೆ
ಮಾಡುವುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವತ್ತಿಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾರೆಮ್ಮ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಂಥಾ ದೇವರುಗಳ ಪೂಜೆ
ಆಗ್ತಿದ್ದನ್ನ ನಾವು ನೋಡಬಹುದು. ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗುಡಿಗೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇಗುಲಕ್ಕೂ ಇರುವ ಮುಖ್ಯ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ಅಂದ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಿನ್ಯಾಸದ ವಿಷಯದಲ್ಲಿ
ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ಇರೋದು ಬೇರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರ
ಜೊತೆಜೊತೆಗೆ ಇದ್ದುದ್ದು ಏನು ಅಂದ್ರ ದೇಗುಲಕ್ಕ ತನ್ನದೇ ಆದ ಬಹುಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯೋಜನೆ ಇರ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಅದರೊಳಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅರ್ಚಕರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಕ್ತರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲಾವಿದರು ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಕೂಡಿ
ಇರಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಅವರು ಭಾಗಗಳನ್ನ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂತ ಬಂದ್ರು. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಂಗಭೋಗದೊಳಗಿದ್ದವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇಗುಲಕ್ಕ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ
ಪೂಜಾಕಾರ್ಯಗಳಿಗೇನೇ ಅಂದರೆ ಪೌರೋಹಿತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತಾವು ಸೀಮಿತಗೊಳಿಸಿಕೊಂಡುಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ರು.
ನಾವೇನು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಣರು ಅಂತ ಹೇಳ್ತೀವಿ. ರಂಗಭೋಗದೊಳಗೆ ಇದ್ದಂಥವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನವರಂಗದೊಳಗ ಇದ್ದಂಥವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಸಗುಡಿಸಿವವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸ್ವಚ್ಛತೆಯ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ವಾದ್ಯ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮೇಳದವರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೃತ್ಯಮಾಡುವಂಥವರು
ಮುಂತಾದವರು. ಇವರಿಗೆ ಅಂಗಭೋಗದೊಳಗ ಪ್ರವೇಶ ಇರ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇವೆಲ್ಲ ಪ್ರವೇಶ ಪಡ್ಕೊಂಡದ್ದು
ಆಗಮಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ. ಮತ್ತ ಇದರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಭಾಳಾ ವಿಶೇಷ ಅಂದ್ರ ಗುಡಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಆಸ್ತಿ ಇರೂದಿಲ್ಲ. ಆನಂತರ
ಬಂದ ಸಂಗತಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಿಗೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದನ್ನು ನಿಭಾಯಿಸಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಭೂದತ್ತಿ ಇಂಥಾವು
ಇರತಿದ್ವು. ಅರ್ಚಕರಿಗೆ ವೇತನ ಕೊಟ್ಟು ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಗುಡಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೂಡಾ ಅದರ ಆದಾಯದ
ಆಧಾರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಆ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಿದೆ. ಕ್ರಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶ. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೇ ಶತಮಾನಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮೊದಲು
ನಾವದನ್ನು ಕಾಣೂದಿಲ್ಲ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಹಂಗಾದ್ರ ಈ ಅರ್ಚಕರು ಒಂದು
ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟ ಪಂಗಡದ ನೌಕರರಂತೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದರೋ ಅಥವಾ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">…</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b>: ದಾನಿಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಆಯ್ಕೆಯ
ಅರ್ಚಕರುಗಳನ್ನ ನಿಯಮಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಇದು ದೇಗುಲ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸುವ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ
ಇರತಿತ್ತು. ಅವರು ಹೇಳಿದವರಿಗೆ ಪೌರೋಹಿತ್ಯ ವಹಿಸುವ ಸನ್ನಿವೇಶಗಳೂ ಇರತಿದ್ವು. ಆದರೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಗ್ರಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇರತಿದ್ದ
ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಿಗೂನೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಗ್ರಹಾರೇತರ
ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಿಗೂನೂ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ ಇದೆ. ಅಗ್ರಹಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇರತಿದ್ದ ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳವರಿಗೆ
ಭೂದತ್ತಿಗಳು ಇರತಿದ್ವು. ಅರ್ಚಕ ವೃತ್ತಿ ಇರತಿತ್ತು. ಜೀವನ ನಡೀತಿತ್ತು. ಅದರೊಳಗೂ ಅವರವರ ನಡುವೆ
ಪಾಳಿಗಳು ಇರತಿದ್ದವು. ನನ್ನ ಸೋಮನಾಥಪುರದ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಕೃತಿಯನ್ನ ಗಮನಿಸಿರುವುದಾದರೆ ಈ ಎಲ್ಲ
ವಿವರಗಳೂ ಸಿಕ್ಕು ಬಿಡ್ತವೆ. ಯಾರು ಯಾರು ರಂಗಭೋಗದೊಳಗೆ ಇರತಾ ಇದ್ರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಯಾರು ಯಾರು ಅಂಗಭೋಗದೊಳಗ ಇರತಾ
ಇದ್ರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೋಮಹವನಾದಿಗಳಿಗೆ
ಕಾಷ್ಠವನ್ನು ತರತಾ ಇದ್ದವರು ಯಾರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಕ್ಕಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನ ತರತಾ ಇದ್ದವರು ಯಾರು ಯಾರು ಅದನ್ನೆಲ್ಲ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನು
ಹೇಳಿದೀನಿ. ಸೋಮನಾಥಪುರ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನವಂತೂ ತುಂಬಾ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟವಾದುದು. ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು
ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೀನಿ ಅದರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ. ಆ ರೀತಿಯ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಎಲ್ಲ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಲ್ಲೂ ಸಿಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ನೀವು
ಇದನ್ನ ಕೇವಲ ಊಹೆ ಮಾಡಿ ಬಿಡಬಹುದು. ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಅರ್ಚಕರ ವೇತನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜೀವನ ವಿಧಾನಗಳೇ ಬೇರೆ ಇರ್ತಿದ್ವು. ಉಪ ಅರ್ಚಕರ
ವೇತನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಜೀವನ
ವಿಧಾನಗಳೇ ಬೇರೆ ಇರ್ತಿದ್ವು. ಅವರ ವೇತನಗಳನ್ನ ನಿಗದಿಪಡಿಸುವಾಗಲೇ ನಿಮಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಾಗಿ ಬಿಡ್ತದೆ.
ಎಂಥ ಸೌಕರ್ಯಗಳನ್ನ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸವಲತ್ತುಗಳನ್ನ
ಅವರು ಸಮಾಜದಲ್ಲಿ ಅನುಭವಿಸಿದರು ಅಂತ. ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಅರ್ಚಕರ ವೇತನ</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇಂತಿಷ್ಟು ಅಂತ ಇರ್ತಿತ್ತು.
ಸಹಾಯಕರಿರತಾರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮಾಣಿ
ಅಂತ ಅವನಿಗಿಷ್ಟು. ನೀರು ತರೋವ್ರಿಗಿಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಣ್ಣಿ ತರೋವ್ರಿಗಿಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಹೂಹಣ್ಣು ತರೋವ್ರಿಗಿಷ್ಟು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೈವೇದ್ಯ ಮಾಡೋವ್ರಿಗಿಷ್ಟು.
ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ವಿವರಗಳ್ನ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೀನಿ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗುಡಿಗಳೇನಿ ಇದಾವೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವು ನ್ಯಾಚುರಲ್ ಮತ್ತು
ಗ್ರಾಮೀಣ. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ರದೇಶದೊಳಗ
ಏನು ಅವರ ಭಕ್ತಿ ಅಥವಾ ನಂಬಿಕಿ ಇತ್ತೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅದರ ಪ್ರಕಾರ. ಅವ್ರಿಗೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮೂರ್ತಿಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಇರೂದಿಲ್ಲ.
ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಒಂದು ಕಲ್ಲಿಟ್ಟು ಅದಕ್ಕ ದುರ್ಗಮ್ಮ ಅಂತ ಕರೀತಾರ. ಅದನ್ನ ಬ್ಯಾರೇದವ್ರು ಮಾರೆಮ್ಮ
ಅಂತ ಕರೀತಾರ. ಅಥವಾ ಇನ್ನೊಂದೇನೋ ಹೆಸರು. ಒಂದಿಷ್ಟು ಎಣ್ಣಿ ಹಾಕಿರ್ತಾರ. ಇವು ಒಂದು ಥರದ್ದು.
ಎರಡನೆಯ ಥರದ್ದು ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳು. ಇದು ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಖರ್ಚಿನ ಕೆಲಸ. ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳಿಗೆ ಪೋಷಕರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ದಾನಿಗಳು ಬೇಕು. ಈ
ಖರ್ಚುವೆಚ್ಚಾನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಈ ದಾನಿಗಳೇ ನೋಡಿಕೋಬೇಕಾಗುತಿತ್ತು.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ನನಗೊಂದು ಕುತೂಹಲ ಸದಾ ಇದೆ.
ಈಗ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಹಳ್ಳೀಗೆ ಹೋದ್ರೂನೂ ಒಂದು ಹಣಮಪ್ಪನ ಗುಡಿ ಇರ್ತದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎಷ್ಟೋಕಡೆ ಒಂದು ಶಂಕರಲಿಂಗನ ಗುಡಿ ಇರ್ತದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೆಲವೊಂದು ಕಡೆ ದೇವಿ ಗುಡಿ
ಇರ್ತದ.. ಇವೇ ಇಷ್ಟು ಏಕೆ ಸಾರ್ವತ್ರಿಕವಾದವು. ಅವು ಕೆಲವು ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕಲ್ಟ ಅಥವಾ ಆರಾಧನೆಗಳಾ </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">? </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ರಾಮನ ಗುಡಿಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಹಣಮಪ್ಪನ
ಗುಡಿಗಳೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚೇಕೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು
ಉತ್ತರ ಮತ್ತು ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತ ಎರಡರೊಳಗೂ ಎದ್ದು ಕಾಣುತ್ತಲ್ಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ
ಇರೂವಷ್ಟು ಉತ್ತರದಲ್ಲಿಲ್ಲ ಇದು. ದಕ್ಷಿಣದಲ್ಲಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?? </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದು ಮೊದಲಿಂದ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಅರಸರ ಕಾಲದಿಂದ
ಹುಟ್ಟಿಕೊಳ್ತು. ಊರಿಗೊಂದು ಹಣಮಪ್ಪನ ಗುಡಿ ಇರಬೇಕು ಅದು ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಅರಸರ ಕಾಲದಿಂದ ಬಂತು.
ಅದಕಿಂತ ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅದು ಮಾಧ್ವರಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಕಾನ್ಸೆಪ್ಟ್. ಅದಕ್ಕ ಒಂದು ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆ
ಇದೆ. ಒಬ್ಬರು ಮಾಧ್ವ ಗುರುಗಳು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದ್ರು ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲೇನೆ. ಈಗ ಈ ಮಾಧ್ವರೊಳಗ ಎಲ್ರೂ ಅದನ್ನೇ ಪಂಚಮುಖಿ
ಆಂಜನೇಯ</span><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಆರಾಧನೆ ಮಾಡೂದು. ಇದು ಪುರಾಣಗಳಿಂದ ಬಂದದ್ದೇನಲ್ಲ. ಆಗ ಊರ ಹೊರಗ
ಹಣಮಂತನ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ ಕಟ್ಟಿಸಬೇಕು ಅನ್ನೂದು..ಅದೂ ಒಂದು ಸಾವಿರದಾ ಒಂದು ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳನ್ನ
ಕಟ್ಟಿಸಬೇಕು ಅನ್ನೂ ಐತಿಹ್ಯ ಅದೆ. ಅದು ವಾಸ್ತವವೋ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಲ್ಪನೆಯೋ ಅಂತೂ ಆ ಸಮಯದೊಳಗ ಇದು ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು.
ಎಲ್ಲಾ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನಗಳೂ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಗಡಿ ಹೊರಗೇ ಇರ್ತಾವು. ಊರ ಹೊರಗ ಹಣಮಪ್ಪ ಅನ್ನೂದು ಹಂಗ
ಬಂತು. ಇದು ಒಂದು ಐತಿಹ್ಯ. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಎರಡನೇದು ಏನು ಅಂತಂದ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯೊಳಗ
ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಪಾಲ ಅನ್ನುವ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕೂಡಾ ಇತ್ತು. ಆ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಪಾಲಂದು ಒಂದು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ಶಕ್ತಿ ಅಂತಂದ್ರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳ ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮಾಡೋದು.
ಗ್ರಾಮಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳನ್ನ ಕೂಡಾ ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮಾಡೋದು ಅವನ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ ಆಗಿತ್ತು. ಈ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಪಾಲರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಯಕ್ಷರು ಅದು
ಮೊದಲಿನಿಂದಾನೂ ಇದೆ. ೧೪ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ಹಣಮಪ್ಪ ವಹಿಸಿದ. ಅವನು ಪಂಚಮುಖಿ ಅನ್ನುವ ಆಗಿನ ಜನರ
ಪರಿಕಲ್ಪನೆಯ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳನ್ನು ಈಡೇರಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ ಕೂಡಾ. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ ಹಣಮಂತ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯನಾದ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಆಮೇಲೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಈ ನಾನ್-ಆಂತ್ರೋಪೋಮಾರ್ಫಿಕ್</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಮನುಷ್ಯಾಕಾರವಲ್ಲದ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಶಂಕರಲಿಂಗ. ಇನ್ನೂ ಹಳೆಯದು ಆಗಿರಬಹುದು </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಹೌದು. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಅನೇಕ ಪಾಶ್ಚಾತ್ಯರು
ಲಿಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ಯೋನಿಪೀಠದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಲಿಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯ ಪ್ರತೀಕ ಅಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ
ನೀವೇನಂತೀರಿ </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b>: ಇರಬಹುದು ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ
ತಪ್ಪೇನಿಲ್ಲ. ಫ಼ರ್ಟಿಲಿಟಿ ಕಲ್ಟ್ಸ್ ವಿಶ್ವದಲ್ಲೆಲ್ಲಾ ನಾವು ಕಾಣುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ
ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಲಜ್ಜಾಗೌರಿ ಅಂತ ಒಂದು ಮೂರ್ತಿ ಅದ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀವು ನೋಡಿರಬೇಕು ಅದನ್ನ.
ನಮ್ಮ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹಳಷ್ಟು ಕಡೆ ಇದೆ. ಕುಶಾನರ ಕಾಲದಿಂದಲೇನೇ ಇದು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಿರೋದನ್ನ
ನಾವು ಕಾಣ್ತೀವಿ.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಈಗ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಹಳಗನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲಿಪಿಕಾರರು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಲಿಪಿ ವ್ಯವಸಾಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಬರೆದ
ಪುಸ್ತಕಕ್ಕೆ ಬರೋಣ. ಲಿಪಿಯ ವಿಕಾಸದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾತಾಡುವಾಗ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾವು ಆಕರಗಳನ್ನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಶಿಲಾಶಾಸನಗಲ್ಲಿಯೇ
ನೋಡಿದ್ದೀರಿ ಆದರೆ ಲೇಖನ ಕೇವಲ ಶಿಲಾಶಾಸನಗಳಲ್ಲಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲವಲ್ಲ. ತಾಡೋಲೆ ಇರ್ಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪ್ಯಾಪಿರಸ್ ಇರ್ಬಹುದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಇದೆಲ್ಲ ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವಾಗ
ಶುರುವಾತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?
</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮಗೆ
ಸಿಕ್ಕ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಹಸ್ತಪ್ರತಿ ಯಾವದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">? </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಕ್ಷರ ಕಲಸೋವ್ರು ಉಸುಗಿನ ಮ್ಯಾಲ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಪಾಟೀ ಮ್ಯಾಲ ಎಲ್ಲಾ
ಬರೀತಿದ್ದರು ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಶಾಸನಗಳಿಂದನೇ ಲಿಪಿ ಬೆಳಿತಂತ ಹೇಗೆ ಹೇಳೂದು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಅದು ಸರಿ ಹಂಗ ಹೇಳಲಿಕ್ಕೆ ಬರೂದಿಲ್ಲ. ಮೌಖಿಕ
ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ ಇ</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family: BRHKan01; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: BRHKan01;">ದ್ದಾ</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಗ ಕೂಡಾನೂ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನೀವು ಹೇಳಿದ ಹಾಗೆ ನೀರಿನ
ಮೇಲೆ ಅಥವಾ ಉಸುಗಿನ ಮ್ಯಾಲೆ ಅಥವಾ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಯಾವದಾದರೂ ಅಳಿಸಬಲ್ಲ ಸಾಧನದ ಮ್ಯಾಲೆ ಅದನ್ನ
ಅವ್ರು ಮಾಡಿರುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆ ಇದೆ. ಆದರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅವುಗಳ ಅವಶೇಷ ಸಿಗಲ್ಲವಲ್ಲ.</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಶಾಸನಗಳು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತಪೂರ್ವ
ಮೂರನೇ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಶತಮಾನದಿಂದ ಇಕಡೆ ಸಿಗತಾವು.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಬೌದ್ಧರಿಂದ ಮತ್ತು ಜೈನರಿಂದ ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ಲೇಖನ
ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಯಿತು.</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಮಗ
ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮೀ ಶಾಸನಗಳು ೧೯ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದರೆಗೂ ಓದಾಕ ಬರ್ತಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನಮಗೆ ವಿಸ್ಮೃತಿಯಾಗಿತ್ತು.
ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸೆಪ ಎನ್ನುವ ಪಾಶ್ಚಾತ್ಯನೊಬ್ಬ ಒಂದು ದ್ವಿಭಾಷಾ ಶಾಸನ (ಗ್ರೀಕ ಮತ್ತು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ
ಲಿಪಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದದ್ದು) ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮೀ ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳನ್ನು ಒಂದೊಂದಾಗಿ ಗುರುತಿಸಿದ. ನಮ್ಮ
ಯಾವ ಪಂಡಿತರ ಕಡೆನೂ ಆಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ಔರಂಗಜೇಬನ
ಕಾಲದಾಗೂ ಯಾರಿಗೂ ಓದಾಕ ಆಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ನಾವೆಲ್ಲ ಮರೆತು ಬಿಟ್ಟಿದ್ದೆವು.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಕಣವಿ:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಆಮೇಲೆ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ನಾಗರೀನೂ ಇದರಿಂದ ಬಂತ್ರೀ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<b style="background-color: transparent;"><span lang="KN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";">ಶೆಟ್ಟರ</span></b><b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span></b><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ನಾಗರೀ ಬಂದದ್ದು ಬಹಳ ನಂತರ</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">೭ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ. ಕ್ರಿ ಪೂ
೩ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದಿಂದ ಕ್ರಿ ಶ ೩ನೆಯ ಶತಮಾನದವರೆಗೆ ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ ಒಂದೇ ಲಿಪಿಯಾಗಿತ್ತು ಎಲ್ಲ ಭಾಷೆಗಳಿಗೂ.
ನಂತರ ಸಾವಕಾಶ ಇತರ ಲಿಪಿಗಳು ಬಂದವು. ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮಿ ಕೇವಲ ಲಿಪಿಯಾಗಿತ್ತು</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಭಾಷೆ ಅಲ್ಲ. ಬ್ರಾಹ್ಮೀಯಿಂದ
ಕನ್ನಡ ಬಂದಿದ್ದು.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಫ಼ಘಾನಿಸ್ತಾನದ ಗಾಂಧಾರ
ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಶೋಕನಿಗೆ ಖರೋಷ್ಟಿ ಮತ್ತು ಅಮಹಾರಿಕ್ ಬರೆಯ ಬಲ್ಲ ಲಿಪಿಕಾರರು ಸಿಕ್ಕರು. ಅವನು
ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಹೋಗಿ ಅವರ ಬರವಣಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಅಭ್ಯಸಿಸಿ ತನ್ನ ಆದೇಶಗಳನ್ನು ಶಿಲಾ ಶಾಸನಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಮೂಡಿಸಲು
ಕರೆತಂದ. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ಅಶೋಕನ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ನಾವು
ಏನೇನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಹೇಳತೀವಿ. ಆದರೆ </span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: BRHKan01; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: BRHKan01;">ಇದೆಲ್ಲಾ</span><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ಮುಖ್ಯ ಅಲ್ಲವೇ ಅಲ್ಲ. ನಾವು
ಅವನನ್ನು ನೆನೆಸಬೇಕಾದದ್ದು ನಮ್ಮ ಲಿಪಿಗಳ ವಿಕಾಸಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣೀಭೂತನಾದ ಎನ್ನುವದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ. ನಮ್ಮ
ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಗೆ ಎಲ್ಲದಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಅವನ ಶಾಶ್ವತ ದೇಣಿಗೆ ಎಂದರೆ ಲಿಪಿ ಎನ್ನ ಬಹುದು.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal;">
<span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><span lang="KN" style="color: #222222; font-family: "nudiuni01k";"><b>ಕಣವಿ: </b>ನಿಮ್ಮ ಇತ್ತೀಚಿನ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಬಗೆಗಿನ ಬರಹಗಳನ್ನು ಬಹಳ ಉತ್ಸಾಹ ಮತ್ತು ಕುತೂಹಲದಿಂದ ನಾನು ಓದಿದ್ದೇನೆ. ನಿಮ್ಮ ಅಮುಉಲ್ಯ ಸಮಯ ಮತ್ತು ಒಳನೋಟಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಕ್ರತಜ್ಞ. ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "nudi b-akshar";">( </span><span lang="KN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "tunga" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ಈ ಮಿಶ್ರ ಭಾಷಾ ಸಂಭಾಷಣೆಯನ್ನು
ಕನ್ನಡಕ್ಕೆ ಇಳಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿದ ಶ್ರೀಮತಿ ಛಾಯಾ ಭಗವತಿ ಅವರಿಗೆ ಋಣಿ )</span><span style="font-family: "nudi b-akshar"; mso-bidi-font-family: NudiUni01k;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6410520905695898430.post-9388905851886136922018-09-07T11:08:00.000+05:302018-09-12T19:16:02.659+05:30Book Review: Billionaire Raj by James Crabtree<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Book Review<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Shivanand Kanavi<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">(appeared in Rediff.com: </span><span style="font-family: georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">http://www.rediff.com/business/column/billionaires-have-always-called-the-shots-in-india/20180912.htm)</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="color: red;">Bollywood version of India’s economic history</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwofZRoxeXV-hPb6_HRPfiJZLIr-tFouc50RbibM_f0ewKCVKTeNlORd0stFGmKzAMhbv_I1EyWA-I_3TRDfSrw4kafWiZZI6aeMUMb9ynaO8mYbINbb4behTpfofAnkmh7dmtAbVUPaI/s1600/Billionaire+Raj.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1082" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwofZRoxeXV-hPb6_HRPfiJZLIr-tFouc50RbibM_f0ewKCVKTeNlORd0stFGmKzAMhbv_I1EyWA-I_3TRDfSrw4kafWiZZI6aeMUMb9ynaO8mYbINbb4behTpfofAnkmh7dmtAbVUPaI/s400/Billionaire+Raj.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Billionaire Raj<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A journey through India’s gilded age<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">By James Crabtree, (Harper Collins 2018)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">James Crabtree’s “Billionaire Raj” (HarperCollins 2018) makes
racy reading with all the details he fills in the vignettes of the characters
he chooses to sketch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A veritable tour de force through the last decade in India.
Crabtree’s book is a recollection of encounters with movers and shakers of India.
Some are based on direct contact as Mumbai correspondent for Financial Times
and others on secondary sources. They read like graphic notes for a future
novel or even a Bollywood script. In fact he calls Indian billionaires as
Bollygarchs to rhyme with Russia’s Oligarchs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His sketches include: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Melancholic Mallya in his current London
residence—a genuine scoop of sorts considering no Indian journalist has met him
in London;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Navin Jindal and his grandiose “country of his
dreams” overlooking a rusting steel and power plant;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">Portly Adani quietly but surely climbing up the
ladder;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ballari baron Janardhan Reddy and the extravagance
of his daughters’ wedding;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Success of Mukesh Ambani and his 27
floors of excess--Antilia;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Holographic impression of Narendra Modi since he
could not get to meet him in person;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Lagadapati Rajagopal of Lanco Infratech, the
honourable former MP from Vijayawada, (if you are still clueless then he is the
one who used pepper spray in Lok Sabha in 2014 to get it adjourned);</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Arnab Goswami and his shrill rabble rousing in “Jerry
Springer comes to FOX news” style “THE NATION WANTS TO KNOW” shows;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">IPL folklore: Lalit Modi, N Srinivasan, BCCI and
even Shanthkumar Shreesanth’s shenanigans included;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li>·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">The rotund bull of Dalal Street, Rakesh
Jhunjhunwala;</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And so on and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">They are readable and borderline voyeuristic. He interweaves
these anecdotes with ponderous quotes on inequality studies, campaign financing
in Indian elections, conglomerates and their opaque finances, crony capitalism,
sports betting etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He begins the book and ends it saying Crony capitalism and
ostentatious billionaires are a phase every country has gone through in its
capitalist journey and hopefully the glaring inequalities, crony capitalism and
all-round corruption will moderate with India’s own clean-up programs and an
era of benign Progressive Capitalism. He is ambivalent on whether Modi or
Kejriwal or some new political player will do it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If you are looking for the answers to how do billionaires in
India actually rule (Raj remember is rule)? You may be disappointed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">He ignores the emergence of nexus between business and
politics going back to 1920’s in India and talks of it as a new child of 21<sup>st</sup>
century India. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A Hundred years ago too billionaires played their part. Later
many of them thrived in the post independence economy. Then too billionaires played
a role in planning the “planned economy” despite loudly denouncing the “License
and Permit Raj” for public consumption. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This was admitted by no less than Dr Manmohan Singh in 2004
when he said, “As a student of economics in the 1950s and later as a
practitioner in government, I was greatly impressed by the ‘Bombay Plan’ (authored
by JRD Tata, G D Birla, Purushottamdas Thakurdas, Lala Sri Ram, Kasturbhai
Lalbhai, A D Shroff & John Mathai) of 1944. When we read it today, nearly
60 years later, we see how relevant many of the central propositions of the
Bombay Plan remain. In those days, it was an unprecedented document. It is
worthy of emphasis that nowhere in the developing world had a group of
businessmen come together to draw up such a long-term plan for a country.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dr. Man Mohan Singh continued, “The Bombay Plan laid great
emphasis on public investment in social and economic infrastructure, in both
rural and urban areas, it emphasized the importance of agrarian reform and
agricultural research, in setting up educational institutions and a modern
financial system. Above all, it defined the framework for India's transition
from agrarian feudalism to industrial capitalism. In many ways, it encapsulated
what all subsequent Plans have tried to achieve.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So its disconcerting that like most pop historians, Crabtree
too calls the period 1947-1991 as “socialist” or even “crony socialism”,
whatever that means.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">To his credit, Crabtree deftly traces the growth of debt
crisis in corporate India, a topic he doggedly followed as the Mumbai
correspondent of Financial Times despite official
obfuscation. He traces it to opacity of conglomerates and their conjuring up
multi-billion dollar projects with nil or very small equity of their own in the
go-go years and the banking system that “overlooked” due diligence. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Curiously he mentions only in passing that there are also
“good billionaires”, as in IT and Pharma but does not portray them at all.
After all India’s global image got a boost in 21<sup>st</sup> century primarily
because of IT and Pharma (exports nearly $140 billion 2017-18).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It’s a good read. With his eye for detail I hope he writes a
novel soon on a crony capitalist or Bollygarch if you will!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(<b>Shivanand Kanavi</b> is a Theoretical Physicist, Business
Journalist, Author, Former VP at TCS, Currently Consulting Editor Business
India and Adjunct Faculty at NIAS, Bengaluru. He can be reached at: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="mailto:skanavi@gmail.com">skanavi@gmail.com</a></span>
; Twitter: @shivanandkanavi, Blog: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://www.reflections-shivanand.blogspot.com/">www.reflections-shivanand.blogspot.com/</a></span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
Shivanand Kanavihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05961143849860242978noreply@blogger.com1